纳米粒子(NPs)的绿色合成是一种安全的,环保,和相对便宜的替代传统的NPs生产路线。这些方法需要自然资源,如蓝藻,藻类,植物,真菌,地衣,天然提取的生物分子,如色素,维生素,多糖,蛋白质,和酶将散装材料(目标金属盐)还原为纳米级产品。使用地衣提取物合成纳米材料(NMs)是一种有前途的生态友好型,简单,低成本的生物合成工艺。地衣是一组生物,包括共生的多种类型的真菌和藻类。直到现在,使用地衣制造NP在很大程度上仍未被探索,尽管已经报道了地衣作为合成NP的天然工厂的作用。地衣具有潜在的可还原活性来制造不同类型的NMs,包括金属和金属氧化物NP和双金属合金和纳米复合材料。这些NP表现出有希望的催化和抗糖尿病,抗氧化剂,和抗菌活性。据我们所知,这篇评论提供了,第一次,概述了有关使用地衣进行纳米加工以及这些NM在不同部门中的应用的主要已发表研究。此外,讨论了生物合成的可能机制,以及影响NPs生物合成和毒性的各种优化因素。
Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is a safe, eco-friendly, and relatively inexpensive alternative to conventional routes of NPs production. These methods require natural resources such as cyanobacteria, algae, plants, fungi, lichens, and naturally extracted biomolecules such as pigments, vitamins, polysaccharides, proteins, and enzymes to reduce bulk materials (the target metal salts) into a nanoscale product. Synthesis of nanomaterials (NMs) using
lichen extracts is a promising eco-friendly, simple, low-cost biological synthesis process. Lichens are groups of organisms including multiple types of fungi and algae that live in symbiosis. Until now, the fabrication of NPs using lichens has remained largely unexplored, although the role of lichens as natural factories for synthesizing NPs has been reported. Lichens have a potential reducible activity to fabricate different types of NMs, including metal and metal oxide NPs and bimetallic alloys and nanocomposites. These NPs exhibit promising catalytic and antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. To the best of our knowledge, this
review provides, for the first time, an overview of the main published studies concerning the use of
lichen for nanofabrication and the applications of these NMs in different sectors. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of biosynthesis are discussed, together with the various optimization factors influencing the biological synthesis and toxicity of NPs.