跛行和腿部受伤在整个乳制品行业都是痛苦和普遍的,是一个主要的福利问题。已经有大量的研究集中在调查与跛行和伤害相关的风险因素以及如何预防和治疗它们。这篇叙述性综述的目的是总结牧群水平的患病率估计,危险因素,预防战略,control,以及这些疾病的治疗,以及奶牛场采用跛行和受伤的最佳做法的障碍。在全球奶牛场中,羊群内跛行的患病率相对较高,最近的系统评价估计平均患病率为22.8%。同样,有一个相对较高的流行率,牛群内估计有12%到81%的奶牛受到影响。据报道,膝盖和颈部受伤较不常见;6-43%和1-33%,分别。许多危险因素与跛行的发生率有关,特别是住房(例如,进入牧场,垫层深度,床上用品类型,地板类型,失速设计),管理(例如,隔间清洁度,微调频率,holdingtimes,放养密度),和牛级(例如,身体状况,奇偶校验,受伤的飞节)因素。与hock伤相关的风险因素可以类似地分类为住房(例如,垫层类型和深度,户外通道,客厅类型,失速设计),管理(例如,垫层深度,清洁度),和母牛(例如,奇偶校验,牛奶中的日子,跛行)因素。预防跛行的主要方法包括常规预防和矫正蹄修剪,通过进入牧场或添加橡胶地板来改善蹄子缓冲和牵引力,深层摊位,砂垫层,确保适当的放养密度,减少保持时间,以及经常使用常规的足浴。关于飞节的研究很少,膝盖,和颈部损伤的预防和恢复。许多研究人员得出结论,两者都是外在的(例如,时间,钱,空间)和内在(例如,农民的态度,感知,优先事项,和心态)在解决奶牛场的跛行和伤害方面存在障碍。在跛行和伤害管理方面有许多不同的利益相关者,包括农民,农场员工,兽医,蹄修剪器,营养学家,和其他顾问。解决奶牛跛行和受伤问题必须,因此,考虑到参与的人,因为正是这些人在影响和实施与预防跛行有关的农场决策,治疗,和控制。
Lameness and leg injuries are both painful and prevalent across the dairy industry, and are a major welfare concern. There has been a considerable amount of research focused on investigating the risk factors associated with lameness and injuries and how they might be prevented and treated. The objectives of this narrative
review were to summarize herd-level prevalence estimates, risk factors, strategies for prevention, control, and treatment of these conditions, and the barriers to best practice adoption for lameness and injuries on dairy farms. There is a relatively high within-herd prevalence of lameness on dairy farms globally, with a recent systematic
review estimating the mean prevalence at 22.8%. Similarly, there is a relatively high prevalence of hock injuries, with within-herd estimates ranging from 12% to 81% of cows affected. Knee and neck injuries have been reported to be less common, with 6% to 43% and 1% to 33%, respectively. Numerous risk factors have been associated with the incidence of lameness, notably housing (e.g., access to pasture, bedding depth, bedding type, flooring type, stall design), management (e.g., stall cleanliness, frequency of trimming, holding times, stocking density), and cow-level (e.g., body condition, parity, injured hocks) factors. Risk factors associated with hock injuries can be similarly classified into housing (e.g., bedding type and depth, outdoor access, parlor type, stall design), management (e.g., bedding depth, cleanliness), and cow (e.g., parity, days in milk, lameness) factors. Key preventative approaches for lameness include routine preventative and corrective hoof trimming, improving hoof cushioning and traction through access to pasture or adding rubber flooring, deep-bedded stalls, sand bedding, ensuring appropriate stocking densities, reduced holding times, and the frequent use of routine footbaths. Very little research has been conducted on hock, knee, and neck injury prevention and recovery. Numerous researchers have concluded that both extrinsic (e.g., time, money, space) and intrinsic (e.g., farmer attitude, perception, priorities, and mindset) barriers exist to addressing lameness and injuries on dairy farms. There are many diverse stakeholders in lameness and injury management including the farmer, farm staff, veterinarian, hoof trimmer, nutritionist, and other advisors. Addressing dairy cattle lameness and injuries must, therefore, consider the people involved, as it is these people who are influencing and implementing on-farm decisions related to lameness prevention, treatment, and control.