白细胞介素-33(IL-33),IL-1家族的一员,是一种在组织稳态和修复中起关键作用的alarmin细胞因子,2型免疫,过敏性和非过敏性炎症,病毒感染,和癌症。IL-33在组织来源的细胞核中含量丰富,包括血管内皮细胞,来自屏障组织的上皮细胞,和来自各种组织的成纤维细胞基质细胞。IL-33在细胞损伤或组织损伤后释放,并激活表达ST2(IL-1RL1)受体的细胞中Myd88依赖性信号通路。在小鼠模型中对患者样本和研究的分析支持IL-33/ST2信号传导在不同组织的过敏性炎症中的重要作用(肺,鼻咽部,皮肤)和疾病(哮喘,慢性鼻-鼻窦炎,过敏性鼻炎,特应性皮炎)。IL33和IL1RL1/ST2是哮喘最高度复制的易感基因座。然而,IL-33/ST2途径在非过敏性炎症中也很重要。的确,IL-33的靶标包括参与2型和1型免疫和调节反应的免疫细胞,例如第2组先天淋巴样细胞(ILC2s),肥大细胞,调节性T细胞(Tregs),Th2细胞,嗜碱性粒细胞,嗜酸性粒细胞,巨噬细胞,树突状细胞(DC),中性粒细胞,Th1细胞,CD8T细胞,NK和iNKT细胞。在本综述的主要部分,我们讨论了IL-33蛋白的基本生物学(分子特征,核定位,体内细胞来源),以及它的释放机制,和生物活性形式在各种情况下。重要的是,我们提醒科学界注意IL-33试剂的特异性问题,我们解释了为什么没有IL-33缺陷细胞特异性对照的研究会误导该领域并导致不必要的争议,我们提出建议以产生可靠的结果。在最后一部分,我们综述了IL-33在过敏性气道炎症和哮喘中的遗传和环境调控,我们强调最近的研究显示抗IL-33抗体在哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)中的临床疗效。
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, is an alarmin cytokine with crucial roles in tissue homeostasis and repair, type 2 immunity, allergic and non-allergic inflammation, viral infection, and cancer. IL-33 is abundant in the nuclei of tissue-derived cells, including endothelial cells from blood vessels, epithelial cells from barrier tissues, and fibroblastic stromal cells from various tissues. IL-33 is released upon cell damage or tissue injury and activates Myd88-dependent signaling pathways in cells expressing the ST2 (IL-1RL1) receptor. Analysis of patient samples and studies in murine models support an important role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in allergic inflammation in different tissues (lung, nasopharynx, skin) and diseases (asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis). IL33 and IL1RL1/ST2 are among the most highly replicated susceptibility loci for asthma. However, the IL-33/ST2 pathway is also important in non-allergic inflammation. Indeed, targets of IL-33 include immune cells involved in both type 2 and type 1 immunity and regulatory responses, such as group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), mast cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Th2 cells, basophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, Th1 cells, CD8 T cells, NK and iNKT cells. In the main part of this
review, we discuss the basic biology of the IL-33 protein (molecular characteristics, nuclear localization, cellular sources in vivo), and its mechanisms of release, and bioactive forms in various contexts. Importantly, we alert the scientific community to the problems of specificity of IL-33 reagents, we explain why studies without specificity controls with IL-33-deficient cells are misleading to the field and lead to unnecessary controversy, and we make recommendations to generate reliable results. In the final part, we
review the genetic and environmental regulation of IL-33 in allergic airway inflammation and asthma, and we highlight recent studies showing clinical efficacy of anti-IL-33 antibodies in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).