UNASSIGNED: High levels of sedentary behavior in workplaces are currently recognized as an independent risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and poor mental health. However, sedentary patterns vary between workdays and non-workdays, which may influence cognitive functions.
UNASSIGNED: The present study aimed to quantify and compare work and nonwork device-measured sedentary time (ST) and its association with cognitive function in Indian office workers.
UNASSIGNED: In an ongoing randomized controlled trial (SMART-STEP), the baseline data of 136 full-time office workers, including accelerometer-measured sedentary patterns and cognitive functions, were analyzed. The ST was measured using a hip-worn accelerometer (Actigraph wGT3X-BT) for seven days, and executive functions were measured using computer-based tests. Linear regression models were employed to analyze the relationships between ST and executive function measures.
UNASSIGNED: The median daily ST of Indian office workers was 11.41 hours. The ST was greater on both workdays (11.43 hrs.) and non-workdays (11.14 hrs.) though different (F = 6.76, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.032). Office workers accumulate more prolonged sitting bouts (+21.36 min) during work days than non-workdays. No associations between device-measured ST and executive functions were observed.
UNASSIGNED: Indian office workers exhibited high ST patterns, especially on workdays. Although lower than workdays, Indian office workers exhibited more ST patterns during non-workdays than did their Western counterparts. Culturally adaptable workplace and leisure time physical activity interventions are needed to address the high ST of Indian office workers.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate burden of postpartum diabetes and other cardiometabolic risk factors among women who test positive for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria, but negative by alternate criteria.
METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 2019 to 2022 and is a sub-study of the CHIP-F cohort (Cohort Study of Indian Women with Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy and their Families).
RESULTS: Study participants (n = 826; 183 with normoglycemia and 643 with GDM using IADPSG criteria) were evaluated at a median (IQR) postpartum interval of 31 (21-45) months. Using the United Kingdom National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (UK NICE), Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA), and Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India (DIPSI) criteria, 251 (39.0 %), 148 (23.0 %) and 384 (59.7 %) women who tested positive for GDM by IADPSG criteria, would have tested negative. The incidence of postpartum diabetes among such women was 30.4, 34.3, and 48.2 per 1000 women-years, respectively, which was significantly higher than those testing negative by both IADPSG and UK NICE (5.0 per 1000 women-years), IADPSG and CDA (9.2/1000 women-years) and IADPSG and DIPSI criteria (5.0/1000 women-years). The burden of obesity and metabolic syndrome was also significantly higher in such women.
CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant burden of postpartum diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors among women who tested positive for GDM by IADPSG, but negative by alternate criteria. There are potential clinical implications of a \"failed\" diagnosis for future cardiometabolic diseases that need to be carefully examined.

UNASSIGNED: Recent evidence reveals that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) impairs muscle function (MF) in adolescents. However, despite its importance in physical well-being, data on dynamic MF in Indian children and adolescents (C and Y) with T1DM are scarce. We assessed MF using Jumping Mechanography (JM, a measurement method for motion analysis and assessment of muscle power and force). (1) To assess dynamic MF by JM in C and Y with T1DM as compared to healthy controls (2) To determine predictors of MF in children with T1DM.
UNASSIGNED: A cross-sectional observational study on 266 children (133 - T1DM duration >1 year with no known comorbidities + 133 age and gender-matched healthy controls) aged 6-19 years. Anthropometry, body composition, and MF (maximum relative power Pmax/mass, maximum relative force Fmax/BW by JM) were recorded. The lean mass index (LMI) was calculated as lean mass (kg)/height (m2). HbA1c was assessed in T1DM. Independent sample t-test and linear regression were performed.
UNASSIGNED: MF parameters (Pmax/mass 33.5 ± 7.2 vs 38.0 ± 8.6 W/kg and Fmax/BW 10.5 ± 2.9 vs 11.4 ± 4.1 N/kg, P < 0.05) were significantly lower in T1DM group vs controls. Positive association of body mass index and LMI with both MF parameters and negative association of insulin requirement and HbA1c with Fmax was observed in T1DM. Predictors of MF identified were MMI (Pmax/mass:b = 1.6,95%CI = 0.6-2.6; Fmax/BW:b =2.0,95%CI = 1.6-2.4) and HbA1c (Pmax/mass:b = -2.1,95%CI = -4.5--0.5; Fmax/BW:b = -1.1,95%CI = -2.0--0.2) (P < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: C and Y with T1DM exhibits compromised muscle function. Poor glycaemic control increases the risk of having decreased MF, irrespective of diabetes duration and may contribute to sarcopenia in adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore how immigrant women and men from India construct mental health and mental illness in the perinatal period.
METHODS: Qualitative interpretive design.
METHODS: Data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews with 19 participants. Photo elicitation, free listing and pile sorting were used during the interviews. Purposive sampling was used, and data were collected in 2018 and 2019. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.
UNASSIGNED: One major theme and three subthemes were identified. \'We do not talk about it\' was the major theme and the subthemes: (1) \'living peacefully and feeling happy\' described the views on mental health; (2) \'that\'s the elephant in the room still\' captures how participants felt when talking about mental illness; and (3) \'why don\'t we talk about it\' offers reasons why the Indian community does not talk about mental health and illness.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study have highlighted the importance of understanding the impact of immigration and being culturally sensitive when assessing mental health in the perinatal period.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study identify some of the reasons for non-disclosure of mental health issues by immigrants. Incorporating these findings during psychosocial assessment by health professionals in the perinatal period will help translate the cultural aspects into more effective communication.
UNASSIGNED: Patient and public contribution to the study was provided by the Community Stakeholders Group; these were members of the immigrant community from India who had expertise in mental health. They contributed to the study design and the key terms and phrases for the free list used in interviews.

OBJECTIVE: ESPRITE (Study 508; NCT03836924) evaluated the real-world safety, tolerability, and efficacy of adjunctive perampanel in patients aged ≥12 years with focal-onset seizures (FOS), with or without focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTCS), in India.
METHODS: ESPRITE was a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, observational, Phase IV study with a 6-month Treatment Period. Patients were aged ≥12 years and had been prescribed perampanel for adjunctive treatment of FOS, with or without FBTCS. Assessments included incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs; primary endpoint), median percent reduction in seizure frequency per 28 days from baseline, 50% responder rates, and seizure-freedom rates.
RESULTS: Overall, 200 patients were enrolled (199 patients in the Safety Analysis Set and 174 patients who completed all visits in the main efficacy analyses). TEAEs (all mild or moderate in severity) were reported in 18.1% (n = 36/199) of patients (the most common were dizziness [3.0%] and irritability [2.0%]). TEAEs leading to discontinuation of perampanel were reported in 2.0% of patients; no deaths or serious TEAEs occurred. At 6 months, median percent reduction in seizure frequency was 100.0%, 50% responder rate was 83.3%, and seizure-freedom rate was 49.4%.
CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive perampanel (at a mean daily dose of 4 mg/day) was shown to be well tolerated and effective in patients aged ≥12 years with FOS, with or without FBTCS, from India.
CONCLUSIONS: Many patients do not receive adequate treatment for epilepsy and need effective seizure control medications. In this 6-month clinical study, 199 patients from India, aged 12 years or older, added perampanel to the anti-seizure medications they were already taking. At 6 months, 49% of patients experienced no seizures since starting perampanel and seizure frequency was reduced by half in 83% of patients. Side effects occurred in 18% of patients (most commonly dizziness and irritability) and caused 2% to stop perampanel; no deaths were reported. Perampanel was an effective and generally safe added medication for patients with epilepsy from India.

UNASSIGNED: In the recent day, there has been an exponential growth in the usage of clear aligners for orthodontic treatment. As with any removable appliance, the compliance of patients to remove it during ingestion of food is, at times, poor. Thus, the stability of the clear aligner to be \"clear\" becomes questionable. This in-vitro study examined how the clear aligners changed colour on exposure to various indigenous food products used in everyday life.
UNASSIGNED: Aligners from 5 different companies (K Line, Clearbite Aligners, The Aligner Company, iAligners and MaxDent CA Digital) were exposed for 12 hours and 24 hours to various indigenous substances (tea, green tea, coffee, turmeric, saffron and Kashmiri red chili powder) and a control solution (distilled water) in-vitro. The color change was assessed with the help of VITA Easyshade compact colorimeter based on Commission Internationale de I\'Eclairage L*a*b* color system. Values were then modified to NBS units for clinical relevance.
UNASSIGNED: The hue of the transparent aligners was noticed to change in a statistically meaningful way when exposed to turmeric, saffron, Kashmiri red chili powder and coffee in decreasing order and mild color change in tea and green tea at both 12 hours and 24 hours intervals.
UNASSIGNED: Aligners are prone to color change when exposed to indigenous foods that contain staining properties.

Objectives This cross-sectional study was designed to assess the clinical profile and frequency of associated autoantibodies in all consecutive patients classified as systemic sclerosis (SSc) at Medanta-the Medicity Hospital, Gurgaon, India. Methods Between August 2017 and July 2019, we identified a total of 119 consecutive patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) 2013 criteria for SSc and 106 patients consented to this study. Their clinical and serological data at the time of enrolment were analysed. Results Our cohort had a mean age at symptom onset of 40 ± 13 years with a median symptom duration of 6 years. We had 76 patients (71.7%) with interstitial lung disease (ILD), which was a higher proportion compared to European cohorts. 62 patients (58.5%) had diffuse cutaneous involvement which was significantly associated with anti-Scl70 antibodies (p < 0.001), digital ulcers (p = 0.039) and the presence of ILD (p = 0.004). 65 patients (61.3%) had anti-Scl70 and 15 patients (14.2%) had anti-centromere (anti-CENP) antibodies. Scl70 positivity was associated with the presence of ILD (p < 0.001) and digital ulcers (p = 0.01). Centromere antibodies had a negative association with ILD (p < 0.001), but was a risk factor for calcinosis (p < 0.001) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (p = 0.01). The combination of diffuse cutaneous disease and Scl70 antibodies was the strongest predictor of ILD and digital ulcers (p = 0.015). sm/RMP, RNP68 and Ku antibodies correlated with musculoskeletal involvement (p < 0.01), while all seven of the patients with Pm/Scl antibodies had ILD. Renal involvement was noted in only two patients. Limitations A single-centre study may not capture the true prevalence of disease characteristics in the population. Referral bias for patients with diffuse cutaneous disease has been noted. Data on RNA-Polymerase antibodies have not been provided. Conclusion North Indian patients have some characteristic differences in disease phenotype as compared to their Caucasian counterparts with a larger proportion of patients presenting with ILD and Scl70 antibodies. Antibodies against Ku, RNP and Pm/Scl occur in a minority of patients, but may be associated with musculoskeletal features.

UNASSIGNED: There have been numerous cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) studies done over the years to analyze the canal configurations among various racial and ethnic population groups. Several of these studies have highlighted a certain consistency in the incidence of particular features within these population subsets.
UNASSIGNED: The study aimed to analyze the root morphology and canal configurations of the maxillary first premolar (Mx1PM) in the Indian Dravidian subpopulation using CBCT.
UNASSIGNED: This study involved a retrospective analysis of 200 CBCT scans, which included 400 Mx1PM.
UNASSIGNED: The CBCT images were evaluated, and the number of roots and canal configurations was recorded as per the Vertucci\'s classification.
UNASSIGNED: Variations in the number of roots and canal anatomies were statistically interpreted using the Chi-square test of association with the significance level set at P < 0.05.
UNASSIGNED: Among the 400 Mx1PM studied, 116 (29%) teeth displayed single roots and 284 (71%) showed the presence of two roots. The single-rooted premolars revealed a varied canal configuration with a predominance of Vertucci\'s Type II configuration in around 53.4% of the Mx1PM. The two-rooted premolars revealed 100% Type I canal configuration.
UNASSIGNED: The Mx1PM studied predominantly showed the two-rooted morphology with independent canals in each root. There was no significant difference between the teeth on either side of the same arch. The CBCT is an excellent nondestructive modality that can help us study the internal anatomy of pulp space accurately.

UNASSIGNED: This study was done to obtain the reference data for the sural SNAP amplitude and latency at distances of 14, 12, and 10 cm from the active recording electrode in Indian healthy subjects for different age groups.
UNASSIGNED: Two hundred forty-four healthy subjects (18-80 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were divided into six groups according to age. Sural SNAP was recorded antidromically stimulating at three sites (14, 12, and 10 cm from the recording electrode). The quantitative variables were expressed as Mean ± SD/Median (IQR) and compared using t test/ANOVA. Transformed data for amplitude were analyzed with the use of paired t test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SPSS version 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Mean age of included subjects was 43.28 years. Maximum leg girth was at 14 cm. Analysis showed a significant difference in the leg girth at all three sites (P < 0.001). Sural SNAP latency at each stimulating site was compared in different age groups, no significant difference was found between groups (P = 0.19). Maximum amplitude was in the 18-30-years age group and amplitude was minimum in the 71-80-years age group (4.34 and 2.79, respectively). The difference in the amplitude recorded in the different age groups was found to be statistically different (P < 0.001). The difference in the amplitude recorded at each site was found to be statistically different (P < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: This is the first study with a large sample size (244 subjects) to provide age-stratified reference data for SNAP in the Indian population by using three sites of stimulation at distances of 14, 12, and 10 cm from the recording electrode. This study shows that sural SNAP amplitude varies with the age of the subject and distance from stimulation.

BACKGROUND: The current standard treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) involves intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of two anti-VEGF drugs: brolucizumab and aflibercept, in treatment-naïve nAMD Indian patients over a period of 48 weeks.
METHODS: A prospective, randomized, single-centre, single-blinded, two-arm comparative study was conducted between March 2021 and February 2022. Of the 114 patients, 56 received intravitreal injections of brolucizumab (6 mg/50 µL) while 58 received aflibercept (2 mg/50 µL). The patients received 03 initial loading doses at 4-week intervals of both the agents and then respective therapies were given as individualized pro re nata (PRN) regimen based on the signs of active macular neovascularization. The functional and anatomical outcomes measured were mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR), central macular thickness (CMT, µm), presence of intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid or subretinal hyper-reflective material. Furthermore, the average number of additional injections required after the loading doses, the injection-free interval and safety of both the drugs were also assessed.
RESULTS: Brolucizumab was found to be non-inferior to aflibercept in terms of mean change in BCVA (-0.13 ± 0.21 logMAR vs. -0.10 ± 0.15 logMAR) and reduction in CMT (-112.59 ± 81.23 µm vs. -86.38 ± 71.82 µm). The percentage of eyes with IRF and SHRM was comparable between both the groups while fewer eyes treated with brolucizumab indicated SRF presence than aflibercept after the loading doses. These beneficial effects of brolucizumab were observed with significant (p < 0.0001) lesser number of injections (1.8 ± 1.1 vs. 3.8 ± 1.5) from week 12 to week 48. Moreover, the probability of no injections after the loading doses was significantly higher with brolucizumab compared to aflibercept indicating prolonged injection-free intervals. The average ocular side effects were comparable in the two groups. One adverse event of severe vitritis requiring treatment with oral steroids occurred in Brolucizumab group, while no such event occurred in Aflibercept group.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest non-inferiority of brolucizumab PRN regimen to aflibercept PRN regimen in treatment naïve nAMD Indian patients while achieving longer inter-injection intervals. Trial registration Clinical Trial Registration of India (CTRI/2021/06/034415). Registered 03 March, 2021, http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=54328&EncHid=&userName  = .