BACKGROUND: The immunological mechanisms behind the clinical association between asthma and obesity in adolescence are not fully understood. This study aimed to find new plasma protein biomarkers associated specifically with coincident asthma and obesity in adolescents.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in children and adolescents 10-19 years old (N = 390). Relative plasma concentrations of 113 protein biomarkers related to inflammation and immune response were determined by proximity extension assay (Target 96; Olink, Uppsala, Sweden). Differences in protein concentrations between healthy controls (n = 84), subjects with asthma (n = 138), subjects with obesity (n = 107), and subjects with both asthma and obesity (AO; n = 58) were analyzed by ANCOVA, adjusting for age and sex, and in a separate model adjusting also for the sum of specific IgE antibody concentrations to a mix of food allergens (fx5) and aeroallergens (Phadiatop). Proteins elevated in the AO group but not in the obesity or asthma groups were considered specifically elevated in asthma and obesity.
RESULTS: Five proteins were elevated specifically in the AO group compared to controls (here sorted from largest to smallest effect of asthma and obesity combined): CCL8, IL-33, IL-17C, FGF-23, and CLEC7A. The effects of adjusting also for specific IgE were small but IL-33, IL-17C, and FGF-23 were no longer statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: We identified several new potential plasma biomarkers specifically elevated in coincident asthma and obesity in adolescents. Four of the proteins, CCL8, IL-33, IL-17C, and CLEC7A, have previously been associated with viral mucosal host defense and Th17 cell differentiation.

Objective: To utilize routinely available clinical parameters to uncover the clinical features of different clusters in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) through unsupervised clustering analysis. Methods: The clinical data from 155 CRSwNP patients undergoing nasal endoscopic surgery at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from 2021 to 2023 were prospectively collected, including 112 males and 43 females, aged from 7 to 87 years. Unsupervised clustering analysis was conducted using various clinical parameters, including age, gender, smoking and drinking history, local eosinophil (EOS) and neutrophil (NEU) counts, comorbid allergic rhinitis (AR), comorbid asthma, recurrence status, serum-specific IgE, total IgE, cytokine levels, peripheral blood EOS count and percentage, Lund-Mackay CT score, the ratio of CT scores for the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus (E/M ratio), visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score, and other common clinical indicators to elucidate the clinical characteristics of each cluster. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 9.5 software. Results: Hierarchical clustering analysis identified four main clusters (Cluster A1-A4), showcasing distinct characteristics such as mild nasal polyps with higher peripheral blood cytokines levels, nasal polyps accompanied by allergies and asthma, a subtype of nasal polyps with high recurrence rates dominated by neutrophils, and nasal polyps with high eosinophil levels. Further subset clustering revealed two clusters of mild polyps (Cluster B1-B2) featuring high cytokine expression and comorbid AR; and two clusters of severe polyps (Cluster B3-B4) presented with severe symptoms, high Lund-Mackay CT score, and high Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score. Variations between Cluster B3 and B4 included symptom complexity, the degree of eosinophil infiltration, and the probability of comorbid asthma. Further clustering analysis for eosinophilic nasal polyps revealed a cluster characterized by highly neutrophilic infiltration and recurrent nasal polyps. The comprehensive analysis of multi-index correlations demonstrated valuable insights into the relationships between common clinical parameters of nasal polyps, providing valuable information for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Conclusion: The clustering analysis in this study categorizes CRSwNP patients into different clusters based on clinical features and disease outcomes, providing a new perspective for more precise clinical treatment strategies.
目的： 利用常规可用的临床标志物，通过对慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉（CRSwNP）患者进行无监督聚类分析，揭示不同集群患者的临床特征。 方法： 收集2021—2023年于武汉大学人民医院接受鼻内镜手术治疗的155例CRSwNP患者（男112例，女43例，年龄7~87岁）的临床数据，包括年龄、性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、组织局部嗜酸粒细胞（EOS）计数及中性粒细胞（NEU）计数、共病变应性鼻炎（AR）、共病哮喘、是否复发、血清特异性免疫球蛋白E（IgE）、总IgE、细胞因子水平、外周血EOS计数及占比、Lund-Mackay CT评分、筛窦和上颌窦CT评分的比率（E/M比率）、视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、Lund-Kennedy内镜评分等常见临床指标，进行无监督聚类分析，以明确每个群组对应的临床特征。采用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件对数据进行统计学分析。 结果： 通过临床核心指标的层次聚类分析，我们将患者分为4类（Cluster A1~A4），其主要特点是外周血细胞因子较高的轻症息肉、伴发过敏及哮喘的鼻息肉、高复发的NEU型鼻息肉亚组，以及高嗜酸性鼻息肉。核心指标及其子集的聚类结果展示了两类轻症息肉（Cluster B1~B2），其主要特点是细胞因子高表达、合并AR；以及两类重型息肉（Cluster B3~B4），临床表现为症状严重且Lund-Mackay CT评分、Lund-Kennedy内镜评分均高，其差异在于症状的复杂性、EOS浸润程度和伴发哮喘的概率。针对嗜酸性鼻息肉的进一步聚类分析，揭示了一类高度NEU浸润的复发性鼻息肉。多指标相关性分析的结果全面展示了鼻息肉常见临床参数之间的关联，为深入理解CRSwNP的临床表型提供了有价值的信息。 结论： 通过聚类分析，成功将CRSwNP患者分为不同亚型，深入探讨了它们在临床特征和疾病结果上的差异，为制定更精准的临床治疗方案提供了新的视角。.

Here, we reported a case of delayed diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) with low serum IgE and normal Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgE levels. During the course of the disease, the patient (female, 55 years old) had imaging manifestation of mass shadow and significant elevation of carcinoembryonic antigen, leading to suspicion of a lung tumor. Later, transbronchial lung biopsy tissue culture showed Aspergillus fumigatus. Combined with the history, clinical characteristics and imaging, she was diagnosed with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis combined with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. As the diagnostic criteria for ABPA do not cover all patients with ABPA, in rare cases where immunological evidence is insufficient, a combination of clinical and imaging features is required for early diagnosis and treatment.
本文介绍1例变应性支气管肺曲霉病（ABPA）血清总IgE及烟曲霉特异性IgE水平正常而延迟诊断的患者。患者女，55岁，病程中影像学曾出现过肿块影，合并血癌胚抗原明显升高，疑诊为肺肿瘤。后经支气管肺活检组织培养出烟曲霉，结合病史、临床、影像学表现，诊断为ABPA合并侵袭性肺曲霉病。鉴于ABPA诊断标准不能覆盖所有患者，在免疫学证据尚不充足的少见情况下，需结合临床、影像学表现，以进行早期诊断及治疗。.

This study was to investigate the relationship between spring pollen distribution concentration, species and the detection results of air-borne pollen allergens in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province during March to May 2022 and March to May 2023.A retrospective study was conducted in the Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University.Pollen particles will be monitored by gravity sedimentation method on the roof of the outpatient department of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University in downtown Taiyuan from March to May 2022-2023, and pollen species and quantity will be observed and recorded under an optical microscope.The air-borne pollen allergen detection results of all allergic rhinitis patients in the otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery Department of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University were extracted from the relevant outpatient system. SPSS software and Pearson correlation analysis were used to compare the correlation between the allergens and the dominant air-borne pollen monitoring results. Results are as follows: (1)A total of 18 species of spring pollen in Taiyuan City were monitored in 2022-2023, with 101 177.5 grains, and the dominant airborne pollen was poplar (16.69%) and pine (29.06%) pollen. The pollen of poplar (11.96%), elm (7.89%) and cypress (8.68%) were dominant in early spring; Pine (25.16%) pollen predominated in late spring. The two peaks of pollen dispersal in Taiyuan were in late March (15 479 grains) and early and mid May (15 094/15 343 grains).(2) The positive rates of allergens in serum specific IgE detection were: wormwood (46%, 248/541 cases), tree combination (26%, 143/541 cases), ragweed (19%, 101/541 cases), humulus scandens (9%, 49/541 cases).(3)There was a linear positive correlation between the positive rate of air-borne pollen allergens in allergic rhinitis patients in the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University and the dominant air-borne pollen concentration in the same period (P<0.05, r=0.999). In conclusion, two spring pollen dispersal peaks were formed in late March and early to mid May in Taiyuan City, and the dominant air-borne pollens were poplar and pine pollens. The positive rate of air borne pollen allergen sIgE showed that wormwood allergy was the highest.There was a positive correlation between the concentration of air-borne pollen and the positive rate of air-borne pollen allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis in the Department of otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery in Taiyuan in 2022 and 2023.The monitoring of pollen distribution in spring can provide an important scientific basis for clinical workers to formulate prevention and treatment plans for patients with allergic rhinitis in the season, and provide data reference for the epidemiological investigation of allergic diseases in Taiyuan in the future.
本研究探讨山西省太原市2022年3—5月与2023年3—5月两年间春季花粉播散浓度、种类与患者气传花粉变应原检测结果的关系。采用回顾性研究方法，本研究于山西医科大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊展开。2022—2023年两年的3—5月在位于太原市中心地区的山西医科大学第一医院门诊部楼顶，利用重力沉降法监测花粉颗粒，并在光学显微镜下观察记录花粉种类和数量。从门诊相关系统中提取所有同期山西医科大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊过敏性鼻炎患者气传花粉变应原检测结果，利用SPSS软件并采用Pearson 相关性分析法比较其与优势气传花粉监测结果之间的相关性。结果显示，（1）共监测到2022—2023两年太原市春季花粉18种，101 177.5粒，优势气传花粉为杨树（16.69%）和松树（29.06%）花粉。早春以杨树（11.96%）、榆树（7.89%）、柏树（8.68%）花粉播散为主；晚春以松树（25.16%）花粉为主。太原市花粉播散两个高峰期为3月下旬（15 479粒）与5月上中旬（15 094/15 343粒）。（2）变应原血清特异性IgE检测中，变应原的检出阳性率依次是：蒿草（46%，248/541例）、树木组合（26%，143/541例）、豚草（19%，101/541例）、葎草（9%，49/541例）。（3）山西医科大学第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊过敏性鼻炎患者气传花粉变应原检测结果阳性率与同期优势气传花粉浓度之间存在线性正相关（P<0.05，r=0.999）。综上，太原市3月下旬与5月上中旬形成两个春季花粉播散高峰期，优势气传花粉为杨树和松树花粉；气传花粉变应原sIgE结果阳性率显示蒿草过敏阳性率最高；2022—2023年两年间太原春季优势气传花粉浓度同耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊过敏性鼻炎患者的气传花粉变应原检测结果阳性率呈正相关。春季花粉播散规律的监测，能为制定当季过敏性鼻炎患者预防与治疗方案提供重要依据，并为今后太原市过敏性疾病的流行病学调查提供数据参考。.

Objective: To explore the distribution of allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) for children with atopic dermatitis in Tianjin City and provide the evidences of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the children who were suspected of atopic dermatitis and tested for serum sIgE in the Tianjin Children\'s Hospital from March 2021 to February 2023. Using first detection results only, a total of 1 841 serum samples were tested for twenty common allergens. The method was the enzyme-linked immune capture assay. The allergen epidemiological characteristics were statistically analyzed by Chi square test based on the children\'s characteristics and factors such as different sexes, ages and seasons by the mass data. Results: Among the 1 841 cases, the results showed that 1 247 (67.73%) were sensitized to at least 1 allergen-sIgE, comprising to 49.86% (918/1 841) to food allergen-sIgE and 47.96% (883/1 841) to aeroallergen-sIgE. The top three food allergens-sIgE were egg 32.10% (591/1 841), milk 25.91% (477/1 841) and wheat flour 14.61% (269/1 841); the top three positive rates of aeroallergens-sIgE were house dust 24.33% (448/1 841), alternaria 20.59% (379/1 841) and dermatophagoides farinae 14.83% (273/1 841). The positive rates of food allergens-sIgE were the highest in the 1-3 years old group (64.11%, 434/677) (χ2=122.854, P<0.001), while the positive rates of aeroallergens-sIgE were higher in the 11-14 years old group (71.26%, 62/87) (χ2=134.968, P<0.001). No seasonal difference was revealed in the overall positive rate of food allergen-sIgE and aeroallergen-sIgE (χ2=4.047, P=0.256; χ2=7.549, P=0.056). The positive rates of soybean-sIgE and milk-sIgE were the highest in summer (χ2=11.329, P=0.010; χ2=28.720, P<0.001), whereas alternaria-sIgE and mugwort-sIgE were the highest in summer and autumn, respectively (χ2=8.462, P=0.037; χ2=10.641, P=0.014). Among the 1 841 cases, 32.21% were sensitized to three or more allergens-sIgE. The sIgE concentration levels of egg, milk and house dust were mainly level 1 to 2, and the proportions of level 3 and above were all under 15%; although the positive rates of crab, shrimp, and peanut were low, the proportions of grade 3 and above were all beyond 30%. Children sensitized to alternaria, dermatophagoides farinae, mugwort, and cat dander had higher sIgE concentration levels, which were 68.07%, 49.45%, 56.57% and 47.83% respectively. Conclusions: This study can reflect the epidemic characteristics of allergen-sIgE in children with atopic dermatitis in Tianjin region to a certain extent. Allergen-sIgE positivity in patients differed by age, and there were seasonal differences and grade distribution differences in the positive rates of some allergens-sIgE. It is necessary to reasonably avoid the high-risk allergens according to the epidemiological characteristics and clinical symptoms, which provide valuable information for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis.
目的： 探讨天津地区特应性皮炎患儿过敏原特异性免疫球蛋白E（specific immunoglobulin E，sIgE）分布及规律，为临床诊疗提供参考依据。 方法： 采用回顾性横断面研究方法，应用酶联免疫捕获法，对2021年3月至2023年2月在天津市儿童医院就诊的1 841例特应性皮炎患儿进行20项过敏原sIgE的血清学检测，收集首次检测结果，采用χ2检验分析其在不同性别、年龄和季节的过敏原分布特征。 结果： 1 841例患儿中，有1 247例（67.73%）至少1种过敏原sIgE阳性；食物过敏原sIgE阳性率49.86%（918/1 841），检出前3位依次为鸡蛋32.10%（591/1 841）、牛奶25.91%（477/1 841）、小麦面粉14.61%（269/1 841）；吸入过敏原sIgE阳性率47.96%（883/1 841），检出前3位依次为屋尘24.33%（448/1 841）、交链孢霉20.59%（379/1 841）、粉尘螨14.83%（273/1 841）。食物过敏原sIgE阳性率最高的年龄组为1~3岁组64.11%（434/677）（χ2=122.854，P<0.001），吸入过敏原sIgE阳性率最高的年龄组为11~14岁组71.26%（62/87）（χ2=134.968，P<0.001）。食物及吸入过敏原sIgE总的阳性率在不同季节没有明显差异（χ2=4.047，P=0.256； χ2=7.549，P=0.056），单项分析显示，大豆、牛奶sIgE阳性率在夏季最高（4.86%，30.54%）（χ2=11.329，P=0.010；χ2=28.720， P<0.001），而交链孢霉、艾蒿sIgE阳性率分别在夏季和秋季最高（24.86%，11.54%）（χ2=8.462，P=0.037；χ2=10.641， P=0.014）。1 841例患儿中，有32.21%的患儿3种及以上过敏原sIgE阳性；鸡蛋、牛奶及屋尘的sIgE浓度等级以1~2级为主，3级及以上等级的比例均<15%；蟹、虾、花生尽管阳性率低，3级及以上等级的比例均>30%；交链孢霉、粉尘螨、艾蒿、猫毛皮屑阳性患儿的sIgE高浓度等级占比较大，分别为68.07%、49.45%、56.57%和47.83%。 结论： 本研究可在一定程度上反映天津地区的特应性皮炎患儿的过敏原sIgE分布特征，不同年龄组中过敏原sIgE阳性率有明显差异，部分过敏原sIgE阳性率存在季节性差异和等级分布差异，有必要根据分布特征和临床症状，合理规避高风险的过敏原，做好特应性皮炎的预防和诊疗。.

Objective: To investigate the effects of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) on patients\' immune markers and metabolic levels in the early stage of allergen treatment, and to gain insight into the role of SCIT in regulating immune responses and metabolic levels, so as to provide reference data for the further discovery of potential biomarkers. Methods: A longitudinal study was used to include 40 subjects who underwent SCIT with dust mite allergens in the Department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between November 2017 and February 2022, including 20 subjects each of single mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (SM-SCIT) and double mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (DM-SCIT). In this study, levels of dust mite allergen-specific antibodies and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism were measured before and 12 months after treatment, while pulmonary function tests were performed. The therapeutic effects of the patients were followed up by visual analogue scale (VAS), asthma control test (ACT) and total medication scores (TMS). The results were statistically analyzed using t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: After 12 months of treatment with SCIT, both groups showed a significant decrease in total VAS score (SM-SCIT:Z=-2.298, P<0.05; DM-SCIT:Z=-3.411, P<0.001); total ACT score (SM-SCIT:Z=-2.054, P<0.05; DM-SCIT:Z=-2.014, P<0.05) and total medication scores (SM-SCIT:Z=-3.799, P<0.000 1; DM-SCIT:Z=-3.474, P<0.001) were significantly higher, in addition to significantly higher MMEF75/25 values in the DM-SCIT group (t=-2.253, P<0.05). There was no significant change in sIgE in the SM-SCIT group (P>0.05), and the sIgG4 levels of the Der p, Der f, p 1, p 2, f 2, and p 21 fractions were significantly elevated (Z=-2.651, -3.771, -2.949, -2.912, -2.725, -2.128, and -3.285, respectively, all P<0.05); The sIgE of Der p 2, f 2, p 7 and p 23 fractions(Z=-2.651, -3.771, -2.949, -2.912, -2.725, -2.128, -3.285, all P<0.05) and the sIgG4 levels of the Der p, Der f, p 1, p 2, f 1, f 2, p 10, p 21 and p 23 fractions (Z=-3.808, -3.845, -3.061, -2.688, -2.464, -3.211, -2.371, -2.091, -2.427, all P<0.05) of the DM-SCIT group were significantly elevated. Metabolomics analysis showed that arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, 5, 9, 12-octadecatrienoic acid, 5(S)-hydroxylated eicosatetraenoic acid, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid were significantly elevated at the beginning of the treatment period after SM-SCIT treatment (Z of -2.191, -2.497, -1.988, -2.090, -2.19, -2.803, -2.073, all P<0.05); 5(S)-hydroxylated eicosatetraenoic acid showed elevated and alpha-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were significantly decreased in the DM-SCIT group after treatment (Z=-1.988, -2.090, -2.497, -1.988, respectively, all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that arachidonic acid was significantly negatively correlated with changes in dust mite-specific IgG4 (r=-0.499, P<0.05), and that alpha-linolenic acid, 5, 9, 12-octadecatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were positively correlated with the ΔsIgG4 of the dust mite der p 2 (r=0.451, 0.420, 0.474, respectively; all P<0.05). Conclusion: Significant changes in allergen-specific antibody levels and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism levels occur during SCIT, and the two may interact and influence each other.
目的： 探讨过敏原皮下特异性免疫治疗（subcutaneous immunotherapy，SCIT）在治疗早期对患者免疫指标和代谢水平的影响，深入了解SCIT治疗在调节免疫反应和代谢水平方面的作用，为进一步发现潜在生物标志物提供参考数据。 方法： 采用纵向研究方法，纳入2017年11月至2022年2月期间于广州医科大学附属第一医院儿科接受尘螨过敏原SCIT的受试者40例，其中单螨制剂治疗（single mite subcutaneous immunotherapy，SM-SCIT）和双螨制剂（double mite subcutaneous immunotherapy，DM-SCIT）治疗受试者各20例。本研究检测了受试者治疗前和治疗12个月后的尘螨过敏原特异性抗体和多元不饱和脂肪酸代谢水平，同时进行了肺功能检查，并通过症状视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale，VAS）、哮喘控制测试问卷（asthma control test，ACT）和用药总评分（total medication scores，TMS）对患者的疗效进行随访，采用t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验等方法进行结果统计分析。 结果： 经SCIT治疗12个月后，两组的VAS总分（SM-SCIT：Z=-2.298，P<0.05；DM-SCIT：Z=-3.411，P<0.001）显著下降；ACT总分（SM-SCIT：Z=-2.054，P<0.05；DM-SCIT：Z=-2.014，P<0.05）和总用药评分（SM-SCIT：Z=-3.799，P<0.000 1；DM-SCIT：Z=-3.474，P<0.001）显著升高，此外，双螨治疗组MMEF75/25值显著升高（t=-2.253，P<0.05）。单螨治疗组的sIgE无明显变化（P>0.05），Der p、Der f、p 1、p 2、f 2和p 21组分sIgG4水平均显著升高（Z分别为-2.651、-3.771、-2.949、-2.912、-2.725、-2.128、-3.285，P均<0.05）；双螨治疗组的 Der p 2、f 2、p 7和p 23 组分sIgE（Z分别为-1.965、-2.028、-2.406、-2.134，P均<0.05）和Der p、Der f、p 1、p 2、f 1、f 2、p 10、p 21和p 23组分sIgG4水平均显著升高（Z分别为-3.808、-3.845、-3.061、-2.688、-2.464、-3.211、-2.371、-2.091、-2.427，P均<0.05）。代谢组学分析显示，在治疗初期，SM-SCIT治疗后花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、5，9，12-十八碳三烯酸、5（S）-羟化二十烷四烯酸、二高-γ-亚麻酸显著升高（Z分别为-2.191、-2.497、-1.988、-2.090、-2.19、-2.803、-2.073，P均<0.05）；DM-SCIT组治疗后5（S）-羟化二十烷四烯酸显示升高，α-亚麻酸、二十碳二烯酸、二十碳一烯酸显著下降（Z分别-1.988、-2.090、-2.497、-1.988，P均<0.05）。相关性分析表明，花生四烯酸与尘螨特异性IgG4的变化呈显著负相关（r=-0.499，P<0.05），α-亚麻酸、5，9，12-十八碳三烯酸、二十碳五烯酸与尘螨der p 2的ΔsIgG4（r分别为0.451、0.420、0.474，P均<0.05）呈正相关。 结论： SCIT期间过敏原特异性抗体水平和多不饱和脂肪酸代谢水平发生显著变化，并且两者之间可能相互影响、相互作用。.

Objective: To explore the optimal regimen of standardized mite allergen immunotherapy for airway allergic diseases in children, and to observe the clinical efficacy, safety and compliance. Method: Use a retrospective real-world study, clinical data from 156 children aged 5-16 years who received subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) with double mite allergen preparation in the pediatrics department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat sen University from June 2019 to September 2020 were selected for allergic rhinitis (AR) and/or allergic asthma (bronchial asthma, BA), including gender, age, total VAS(visual analogue scale) score and CSMS(combined symptom and medication scores) score at different time points (before treatment, 4-6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after initiation of desensitization), peripheral blood eosinophil counts (EOS), serum total IgE (tIgE), specific IgE (tIgE), and serum IgE (tIgE), specific IgE (sIgE), tIgG4, and incidence of local and systemic adverse reactions. All patients had a consistent regimen during the initial treatment phase (dose-escalation phase), which was performed as directed. Among them, 81 cases (observation group) continued to continue subcutaneous injection of 1 ml of vial No. 3 every 4-6 weeks during the dose maintenance phase, while 75 cases (control group) followed the old traditional regimen during the maintenance phase (i.e., change to a new vial to halve the amount of vial No. 3 by 0.5 ml, and then 0.75 ml after 1-2 weeks, and 1 ml in a further interval of 1-2 weeks). The clinical efficacy, safety and adherence to the treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 81 cases of 156 children were included in the observation group, of which 58 children with AR, 15 children with BA, and 8 children with AR combined with BA; 75 cases were included in the conventional control group, of which 52 children with AR, 16 children with BA, and 7 children with AR combined with BA. In terms of safety, the difference in the incidence of local and systemic adverse reactions between the two groups was not statistically significant (χ2=1.541 for local adverse reactions in the control group, χ2=0.718 for the observation group; χ2=0.483 for systemic adverse reactions in the control group, χ2=0.179 for the observation group, P value >0.05 for all of these), and there were no grade Ⅱ or higher systemic adverse reactions in any of them. In the control group, there were 15 cases of dropout at 2 years of follow-up, with a dropout rate of 20.0%; in the observation group, there were 7 cases of dropout at 2 years of follow-up, with a dropout rate of 8.6%, and there was a statistically significant difference in the dropout rates of the patients in the two groups (χ2=4.147, P<0.05). Comparison of serological indexes and efficacy (compared with baseline at 3 different time points after treatment, i.e., 4-6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment), CSMS scores of the observation group and the conventional control group at 4-6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment were significantly decreased compared with the baseline status (t-values of the conventional group were 13.783, 20.086 and 20.384, respectively, all P-values <0.001, and t-values of the observation group were 15.480, 27.087, 28.938, all P-values <0.001), and VAS scores also decreased significantly from baseline status in both groups at 4-6 months, 1 year, and 2 years of treatment (t-values of 14.008, 17.963, and 27.512 in the conventional control group, respectively, with all P-values <0.001, and t-values of 9.436, 13.184, and 22.377 in the observation group, respectively; all P-values <0.001). Intergroup comparisons showed no statistically significant differences in CSMS at baseline status, 4-6 months, 1 year and 2 years (t-values 0.621, 0.473, 1.825, and 0.342, respectively, and P-values 0.536, 0.637, 0.070, and 0.733, respectively), and VAS was no statistically significant difference in comparison between groups at different time points (t-values of 1.663, 0.095, 0.305, 0.951, P-values of 0.099, 0.925, 0.761, 0.343, respectively); suggesting that the treatment regimens of the observation group and the conventional control group were clinically effective, and that the two regimens were comparable in terms of efficacy. The peripheral blood eosinophil counts of the observation group and the conventional control group decreased significantly from the baseline status at 4-6 months, 1 year and 2 years of treatment (t-values of the conventional group were 3.453, 5.469, 6.273, P-values <0.05, and the t-values of the observation group were 2.900, 4.575, 5.988, P-values <0.05, respectively). 4-6 months, 1 year and 2 years compared with the baseline status tIgE showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing (t-value in the conventional group was -5.328, -4.254, -0.690, P-value was 0.000, 0.000, 0.492, respectively, and t-value in the observation group was -6.087, -5.087, -0.324, P-value was 0.000, 0.000, 0.745, respectively). However, the results of intergroup comparisons showed no statistically significant differences in serological indices and efficacy between the two groups in terms of peripheral blood eosinophil counts at baseline status, 4-6 months, 1 year and 2 years (t-values of 0.723, 1.553, 0.766, and 0.234, respectively; P-values of 0.471, 0.122, 0.445, and 0.815, respectively), tIgE (t-values of 0.170, -0.166, -0.449, 0.839, P-values 0.865, 0.868, 0.654, 0.403, respectively), tIgG4 (t-values 1.507, 1.467, -0.337, 0.804, P-values 0.134, 0.145, 0.737, 0.422, respectively). Conclusion: Both immunotherapy regimens for airway allergic diseases with double mite allergen subcutaneous immunotherapy have significant clinical efficacy, low incidence of adverse reactions, and the observation group has better patient compliance than the control group.
目的： 探讨儿童气道过敏性疾病标准化螨变应原免疫治疗的优化方案，观察其临床疗效、安全性和依从性。 方法： 采用回顾性真实世界研究，选取2019年6月至2020年9月在中山大学附属第三医院儿科接受双螨变应原制剂皮下免疫治疗（Subcutaneous immunotherapy，SCIT）的变应性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis，AR）和（或）过敏性哮喘（支气管哮喘，bronchial asthma，BA）的5~16岁共156例患儿的临床资料，包括性别、年龄、不同时间节点（治疗前，启动脱敏治疗后4~6个月、1年、2年时）总VAS（视觉模拟量表）评分和CSMS（综合症状和用药评分）评分、外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞计数（EOS）、血清总IgE（tIgE）、特异性IgE（sIgE）、tIgG4、局部及全身不良反应发生率。所有患者在初始治疗阶段（剂量递增阶段）的方案一致，均按说明书进行。其中，81例（观察组）在剂量维持阶段持续继续每4~6周皮下注射1次，每次注射3号瓶1 ml；75例（对照组）维持阶段按照旧的传统方案进行（即换新瓶减半量3号瓶0.5 ml，1~2周后0.75 ml，再间隔1~2周1 ml）。比较两组患者治疗的临床疗效、安全性及依从性。 结果： 156例患儿中观察组共纳入81例，其中AR患儿有58例，BA患儿15例，AR合并BA患儿有8例；常规对照组共纳入75例，AR患儿有52例，BA患儿16例，AR合并BA患儿有7例。在安全性方面，两组患者的局部和全身不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义（局部不良反应对照组χ2=1.541，观察组χ2=0.718；全身不良反应对照组χ2=0.483，观察组χ2=0.179，P值均>0.05），且均无Ⅱ级以上全身不良反应发生。对照组随访2年脱漏15例，脱落率20.0%；观察组随访2年脱漏7例，脱落率8.6%，两组患者脱落率差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.147，P<0.05）。血清学指标及疗效对比（在治疗后3个不同的时间节点即治疗4~6个月、1年及2年时与基线进行比较），观察组和常规对照组治疗4~6个月、1年及2年时CSMS评分较基线状态明显下降（常规组t值分别为13.783，20.086，20.384，P值均<0.001；观察组t值分别为15.480，27.087，28.938，P值均<0.001）；两组患者治疗4~6个月、1年及2年时VAS评分也均较基线状态明显下降（常规组t值分别为14.008，17.963，27.512，P值均<0.001；观察组t值分别为9.436，13.184，22.377，P值均<0.001）；组间比较结果显示，基线状态、4~6个月、1年及2年时CSMS差异无统计学意义（t值分别为0.621，0.473，1.825，0.342；P值分别为0.536，0.637，0.070，0.733），VAS在不同时间点的组间比较差异也无统计学意义（t值分别为1.663，0.095，0.305，0.951；P值分别为0.099，0.925，0.761，0.343）；提示观察组和常规对照组的治疗方案均临床显效，且两种方案疗效相当。观察组和常规对照组治疗4~6个月、1年及2年时外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数均较基线状态明显下降（常规组t值分别为3.453，5.469，6.273，P值均<0.05；观察组t值分别为2.900，4.575，5.988，P值均<0.05），两组患者在治疗4~6个月、1年及2年时较基线状态tIgE呈现先升高后降低的趋势（常规组t值分别为-5.328，-4.254，-0.690，P值分别为0.000，0.000，0.492；观察组t值分别为-6.087，-5.087，-0.324，P值分别为0.000，0.000，0.745）。但组间比较结果显示血清学指标及疗效在基线状态、4~6个月、1年及2年时外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数在两组之间无明显统计学差异（t值分别为0.723，1.553，0.766，0.234；P值分别为0.471，0.122，0.445，0.815），tIgE（t值分别为0.170，-0.166，-0.449，0.839；P值分别为0.865，0.868，0.654，0.403），tIgG4（t值分别为1.507，1.467，-0.337，0.804；P值分别为0.134，0.145，0.737，0.422）。 结论： 针对气道过敏性疾病双螨变应原皮下免疫治疗的两种免疫治疗方案均有显著的临床疗效，不良反应发生率低，观察组较对照组患者依从性更好。.

Allergic diseases are immune disorders caused by allergens, leading to inflammation or organ dysfunction. In the past decade, the prevalence of allergic diseases in China has increased dramatically, imposing a heavy economic burden on the health care system and society. In vitro diagnosis of allergic diseases plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of such diseases. This article enumerates the in vitro tests and diagnostic techniques of allergic diseases, gives an advocacy for quality management of IgE-related tests, summarizes the clinical interpretation and relevant research progress, aiming to provide a reference for improving laboratory diagnosis of allergic diseases.
过敏性疾病是变应原引起的机体异常免疫反应，可导致组织炎症或器官功能障碍。近十年来，我国过敏性疾病的患病率不断增加，对国家的卫生系统造成巨大的经济负担。过敏性疾病的实验室体外诊断在该类疾病的诊断、治疗和预防等方面发挥了至关重要的作用。本文列举了过敏性疾病实验室体外诊断项目和检测方法，提出了IgE相关检测实验室质量管理倡导，阐释了sIgE检测结果解读流程和相关研究进展，以期为提升临床过敏性疾病实验室诊断水平提供依据。.

The prevalence of food allergy is increasing globally, becoming a significant public health issue that greatly impacts the quality of life for patients and their families. However, there is currently a problem with both underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of food allergy. Therefore, accurate diagnosis of food allergy and personalized management based on accurate diagnosis are crucial. Over the past 10 years, there has been relevant research on food allergy diagnosis, particularly focusing on IgE-mediated food allergy diagnostic methods such as component resolved diagnosis and basophil activation test, since the launch of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology(EAACI) Food Allergy Guidelines in 2014. In October 2023, EAACI published updated diagnostic guidelines for IgE-mediated food allergy. To help allergists and other medical professionals stay informed about the latest EAACI recommendations on the diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy, this guideline is now being interpreted.
食物过敏患病率在全球范围内呈逐年上升趋势，已成为重要的公共卫生问题之一，严重影响患者及家庭的生活质量。目前食物过敏诊断不足及诊断过度现象均存在。食物过敏的精准诊断及基于精准诊断进行个体化规范管理至关重要。自2014年欧洲变态反应和临床免疫学会（EAACI）发布食物过敏指南以来，近年来，食物过敏诊断，尤其是IgE介导食物过敏诊断方法，如过敏原组分诊断及嗜碱性粒细胞活化试验等相关研究陆续发表，EAACI于2023年10月更新发表IgE介导食物过敏诊断指南。为加强变态反应专科医师和相关专业医师理解最新EAACI关于IgE介导食物过敏诊断的建议和推荐，现将该指南进行详细解读。.

Allergies play a pivotal role in the daily practice of ENT specialists. Allergic symptoms induced by inhalant allergens are widespread in the population and can manifest through a wide range of symptoms, including rhinorrhea, sneezing, conjunctival redness, cough and dyspnea. Inconsistent diagnosis and treatment of allergic conditions can lead to reduced quality of life, decreased work performance, and socioeconomically significant secondary diseases. In addition to the medical history, the skin prick test and serological IgE diagnostics are the most important diagnostic procedure for detecting type-I allergies. To clarify clinical relevance, molecular diagnostics and nasal provocation testing may be employed. The key to effective treatment lies in a comprehensive allergological diagnosis coupled with a detailed patient history. General treatment recommendations such as allergen avoidance and nasal irrigation should complement pharmacological therapy. In the treatment of allergic rhinitis topical steroids are first line treatment options. The primary goal of treatment is symptom control, and if control is insufficient, causal therapy through specific allergen immunotherapy is recommended. Challenges in the ENT clinic involve selecting the necessary diagnostics and appropriate, effective treatments. Hence, using diagnostic and treatment algorithms, as well as standardized patient history questionnaires, can serve as invaluable tools in daily patient interactions, especially considering limited time availability.