BACKGROUND: A growing number of consumers are embracing the philosophy that natural products are better for their health and the environment. As such, they are seeking products they perceive to be safer, healthier, and without toxic chemical or synthetic ingredients. Natural products are gentle enough for daily use and provide a less abrasive alternative to more potent prescription formulations meant for short-term use. Herbal antimicrobial and antioxidant mouth rinses are considered effective adjuncts to toothbrushing and flossing for patients having gingivitis who have undergone implant treatment, providing a clinically significant benefit in the reduction of dental plaque, and also being antioxidant in nature.
METHODS: Three types of plant species were taken into consideration. Phyllanthus emblica fruit, Punica granatum flower, and Illicium verum fruit and seed were collected from the native trees of Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that P. emblica fruit, P. granatum flower, and I. verum fruit and seed exhibit large amounts of flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. This study also shows that these samples can be used in clinical practice as it has less hematotoxixity percentage. P. granatum that is a pomegranate flower shows a high positive percentage in the presence of flavonoids and phenols. These plant extracts can be used in further studies and in clinical use as mouthwash or topical gel by adding preservatives and flavoring agents.
RésuméEn tant que tels, ils recherchent des produits qu’ils perçoivent comme étant plus sûrs, plus sains et sans ingrédients chimiques ou synthétiques toxiques. Les produits naturels sont suffisamment doux pour un usage quotidien et offrent une alternative moins abrasive aux formulations d’ordonnance plus puissantes destinées à une utilisation à court terme. Les bains de bouche antimicrobiens et antioxydants à base de plantes sont considérés comme des compléments efficaces au brossage des dents et à l’utilisation de la soie dentaire pour les patients atteints de gingivite qui ont subi un traitement implantaire, offrant un avantage cliniquement significatif dans la réduction de la plaque dentaire et étant également de nature antioxydante. Matériels et méthodes: Trois types d’espèces végétales ont été pris en considération. Le fruit de Phyllanthus emblica, la fleur de Punica granatum et le fruit et la graine d’Illicium verum ont été récoltés sur les arbres indigènes de Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Résultats et Conclusion: Nous concluons que les fruits de P. emblica, la fleur de P. granatum et les fruits et graines d’I. verum présentent de grandes quantités de flavonoïdes, de composés phénoliques et de tanins. Cette étude montre également que ces échantillons peuvent être utilisés en pratique clinique car ils ont un pourcentage d’hématotoxinie inférieur. P. granatum qui est une grenadeLa fleur présente un pourcentage positif élevé en présence de flavonoïdes et de phénols. Ces extraits de plantes peuvent être utilisés dans d’autres études et en utilisation clinique comme bain de bouche ou gel topique en ajoutant des conservateurs et des agents aromatisants.

Illicium verum, or star anise, has many uses ranging from culinary to religious. It has been used in the food industry since ancient times. The main purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of the essential oil (EO) obtained via hydro-distillation of the aerial parts of Illicium verum. Twenty-four components were identified representing 92.55% of the analyzed essential oil. (E)-anethole (83.68%), limonene (3.19%), and α-pinene (0.71%) were the main constituents of I. verum EO. The results show that the obtained EO was effective against eight bacterial strains to different degrees. Concerning the antibiofilm activity, trans-anethole was more effective against biofilm formation than the essential oil when tested using sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results of anti-swarming activity tested against P. aeruginosa PAO1 revealed that I. verum EO possesses more potent inhibitory effects on the swarming behavior of PAO1 when compared to trans-anethole, with the percentage reaching 38% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The ADME profiling of the identified phytocompounds confirmed their important pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties. The in silico study using a molecular docking approach revealed a high binding score between the identified compounds with known target enzymes involved in antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. Overall, the obtained results suggest I. verum EO to be a potentially good antimicrobial agent to prevent food contamination with foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) systems to communicate with each other and regulate microbial group behavior, such as the secretion of virulence factors, including biofilm formation. In order to explore safe, edible agents, the potential of star anise (SA) as an anti-QS and antibiofilm agent and its possible application in milk safety were investigated. Staphylococcus aureus , Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and biosensor strain Chromobacterium violaceum were selected as test strains for QS, biofilm, and exopolysaccharide assays. The percent acidities and total plate counts were determined to evaluate the quality of biofilm-inoculated and noninoculated milk. The yield of SA extraction was 25.90% ± 0.2% (w/w). At sub-MIC, SA extract did not show any effect on bacterial growth. The production of violacein was inhibited by 89% by SA extract. The extract also inhibited the formation of biofilm by up to 87% in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition rates of 70.45%, 42.82%, and 35.66% were found for exopolysaccharide production. The swarming motility of S. aureus was reduced by about 95.9% by SA extract. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis confirmed that the development of biofilm architecture was hampered. It was found that SA extract could delay the spoilage of milk. In the endeavor to avoid drug resistance, pathogenesis, and resistance to biocides while improving food safety and avoiding health hazard issues arising from synthetic chemicals, SA extract could be used as a potential QS and biofilm inhibitor.

The anticonvulsive properties of diazepam have been extensively studied, mainly focusing on the γ-amino butyrate (GABA) system. The aim of this investigation was to integrally analyze the metabolic events related to neuroprotection of diazepam on anisatin-induced convulsive seizures by a NMR-based metabolomic approach combined with histopathological examination and behavior examination. Multivariate analysis on metabolic profiles of the piriform cortex and cerebellum of mice revealed that diazepam could relieve mice suffering from the convulsive seizures by recovering destructed neurotransmitter and neuromodulator metabolism, ameliorating oxidative stress, alleviating the disturbance in energy, amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism in anisatin intoxicated mice. This integrated metabolomics study provided a powerful and highly effective approach to elucidate therapeutic effects and assessed the safety of diazepam. This study should be helpful for our understanding of convulsive seizures, and provide a holistic view of the treatment effects of benzodiazepine on convulsive seizures.

Illicium vatum Hook. f. and its counterfeit Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith can be discriminated and identified by using multi-steps infrared maro-fingerprint method. The method combines three steps: general infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), secondary derivative spectroscopy and two dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR). The resolution is getting higher and higher and the differences of spectra are magnified farther. The holistic shape of peaks is similar in the FTIR spectra of Illicium vatum Hook. f. and Illiciumrn lanceolatum A.C. Smith, but the spectra of llicium vatum Hook. f. show only one characteristic peak at 3 392 cm(-1), while the spectra of Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith show two characteristic peaks at 3482 and 3387 cm(-1), respectively. Observing their secondary derivative spectra, in the range of 850-1 180 cm(-1) the strongest peak of Ilicium vatum Hook. f. is at 1015 cm(-1) and the intensity of other strong peaks is similar. However, the strongest peak of Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith is at 1070 cm(-1). In 1180-1500 cm(-1), the intensity of peaks at 1469, 1454 and 1442 cm(-1) of Ilicium vatumrn Hook. f. is stronger than that of peaks at 1292, 1276, 1266 cm(-1). The status of Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith is just opposite. The distinction of 2D-IR correlation spectra is more obvious. In 1165-1500 cm(-1), the stronger automatic peaks of Ilicium vatum Hook. f. present at 1153 and 1000 cm(-1), respectively, but those of Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith present at 911 and 878 cm(-1), respectively. In 1165-1500 cm(-1), llicium vatum Hook. f. has two automatic peaks while Illicium lanceolatum A. C. Smith has five automatic peaks. The multi-steps IR macro-fingerprint method is rapid and effective.

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