OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to interpret and analyze the imaging, audiological features and cochlear implantation outcomes in cochlear nerve deficiency children.
METHODS: Retrospective analysis.
RESULTS: 25 prelingual hearing loss children diagnosed cochlear nerve deficiency (CND), the age range from 1 to 15 (mean age, 5.04), underwent cochlear implantation at Ear Nose and Throat Hospital - Ho Chi Minh City (ENT hospital - HCMC) from 2016 to 2023. All children had sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) from severe to profound degree. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cochlear nerve hypoplasia in 76 % and cochlear nerve aplasia in 24 % of cases. Inner ear malformations were found in 52 % of cases. The mean Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) score at 1 year after surgery was 4.8. At 6 months and 1 year after surgery, the mean CAP score of the aplasia group was significantly lower than that of the hypoplasia group (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: In cochlear nerve deficiency children, auditory perception and speech performance still improved after cochlear implantation. However, this progress was significantly limited in cochlear nerve aplasia group.

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of developmental disturbances in permanent second premolars in which their tooth buds were exposed to mandibular intraligamental anesthesia (ILA) using a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system (CCLAD). Materials and methods This was a longitudinal follow-up study conducted in a previous randomized clinical trial (RCT). In the previous RCT, a total of 91 children were included (61 control and 30 cases). A structured form was created that contained details about the date of birth, age, and sex at which the participants received local anesthesia and the type of local anesthesia administered (ILA using CCLADS, traditional inferior alveolar nerve block [IANB], and IANB using CCLADS). A history of post-treatment abscess, retreatment, and post-treatment extraction was documented in both groups. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage, and additionally, the chi-square test and Fisher\'s exact test were used to compare ILA and IANB. Results Forty of the 91 children attended follow-up visits. Only two children had developmental defects: one child who received traditional IANB had a demarcated white opacity (this patient had a history of dental abscess), and another who received ILA using CCLADS showed hypoplasia on his permanent premolar. No significant association was found between the type of anesthesia and the presence of developmental defects. Conclusion The slow administration of ILA delivered by CCLADS in the primary teeth does not increase the chances of developmental disturbances or damage to the corresponding permanent tooth bud.

BACKGROUND: For patients with a maxillary transversal deficiency (MTD), various treatment options are available, partly based on the practitioner\'s experience. This study aimed to determine a cut-off age for decision making between surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) over orthodontic rapid palatal expansion (ORPE) based on skeletal maturation in a female population.
METHODS: A total of 100 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of young females were analyzed on maturation of the pterygomaxillary (PMS), zygomaticomaxillary (ZMS), transpalatal (TPS), and midpalatal (MPS) sutures. Based on the maturation of these four junctions, four independent observers had to determine whether they would prefer ORPE or SARPE to widen the maxilla.
RESULTS: For the PMS, the results show a closure of 83-100% from 13 to 17 years. As for the TPS, a closure of 78-85% was observed from 15 years of age. For the 15- to 17-year-old females, a closed ZMS was present in 32-47%. Regarding MPS, closed sutures presented in 61% (stages D and E) of the 15-year-old females. The cut-off age at which SARPE was recommended was 15.1 years for the orthodontist observers and 14.8 years for the maxillofacial surgeon observers.
CONCLUSIONS: Significant maturation of MPS was reached at the age of 15 in a female population. The PMS, TPS, MPS, and ZMS closed sequentially. A comprehensive diagnostic approach is necessary for choosing the appropriate treatment. When in doubt, age could assist decision making in a female population, with a cut-off age of 15 years in favor of SARPE based on this study.
UNASSIGNED: HINTERGRUND: Für Patienten mit einem transversalen Oberkieferdefizit (MTD) stehen verschiedene Behandlungsoptionen zur Verfügung, die zum Teil auf der Erfahrung des behandelnden Arztes beruhen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, ein Cut-off-Alter für die Entscheidung zwischen einer chirurgisch assistierten schnellen Gaumennahterweiterung (SARPE) und einer kieferorthopädischen schnellen Gaumennahterweiterung (ORPE) auf der Grundlage der skelettalen Reifung in einem weiblichen Kollektiv zu bestimmen.
METHODS: Insgesamt 100 DVT-Aufnahmen von Mädchen wurden hinsichtlich der Reifung der Sutura pterygomaxillaris (PMS), der Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris (ZMS), der Sutura palatina transversa (TPS) und der Sutura palatina mediana (MPS) analysiert. Anhand der Reifung dieser 4 Nahtstellen mussten 4 unabhängige Beobachter entscheiden, ob sie sich eher für eine ORPE oder für eine SARPE zur Oberkieferverbreiterung entscheiden würden.
UNASSIGNED: Für die PMS zeigen die Ergebnisse einen Verschluss von 83–100% im Alter von 13–17 Jahren. Bei der TPS wurde ab einem Alter von 15 Jahren ein Verschluss von 78–85% beobachtet. Bei den 15- bis 17-jährigen Frauen lag eine geschlossene ZMS in 32–47% vor. Bei der MPS wurden bei 61% (Stadien D und E) der 15-jährigen Mädchen geschlossene Nähte festgestellt. Das Cut-off-Alter, ab dem eine SARPE empfohlen wurde, lag bei den kieferorthopädischen Beobachtern bei 15,1, bei den Mund-Kiefer-Gesichts-Chirurgen bei 14,8 Jahren.
UNASSIGNED: Eine signifikante Reifung der MPS wurde im Alter von 15 Jahren in einem weiblichen Kollektiv erreicht. PMS, TPS, MPS und ZMS schlossen sich aufeinanderfolgend. Für die Wahl der geeigneten Behandlung ist ein umfassender diagnostischer Ansatz erforderlich. Im Zweifelsfall könnte das Alter bei der Entscheidungsfindung in einem weiblichen Kollektiv hilfreich sein, wobei ein Grenzalter von 15 Jahren auf der Grundlage dieser Studie zugunsten einer SARPE ausfällt.

Background Children with cerebral palsy, intellectual difficulties, or hearing deficiencies may have enamel hypoplasia. Moreover, as the child begins to walk, the fluorosis progresses to bone malformations in the lower limbs, and it fully manifests as the child grows up. Methodology An epidemiological study was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status, enamel opacities, and oral hygiene habits among children 4-15 years of age from various schools for special healthcare needs including government schools and non-government organizations. Results The study sample comprised 1,047 children with special healthcare needs in the age group of 4-15 years, with 608 males and 439 females. It was seen that 29.79% of vegetarian children were affected with caries, while only 16.14% of children with a mixed diet were affected with caries. Conclusions There is no significant association between enamel hypoplasia and the physical and mental disabilities of children with special healthcare needs.

UNASSIGNED: Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH) is a rare disorder in women that is associated with vaginal agenesis and hypoplasia or loss of uterus. In this study we aim to study the outcome of sigmoid colon vaginoplasty among MRKH patients with vaginal agenesis.
UNASSIGNED: In this randomized clinical trial study, from 2017 to 2021, 39 patients were reported to our center with vaginal agenesis as a result of MRKH. Patients were treated with sigmoid colon vaginoplasty and postoperative outcomes such as Female sexual function index (FSFI), depth of vaginal cavity, and postoperative complications were evaluated.
UNASSIGNED: The mean age of the patients was 32.3 ± 2.3 years. 18 patients (46.2%) were diagnosed using MRI whereas 21 patients (53.8%) were diagnosed with exploratory laparoscopy. The mean vaginal depth before and after the surgery was 2.8 cm and 17.3 cm, respectively. One patient (2.6%) developed fistula, and peritonitis due to perforation of the vagina, 26 months after surgery, respectively. Of 10 patients who were sexually active after the surgery, all of these patients were sexually satisfied. The FSFI was 32 ± 3.9.
UNASSIGNED: The postoperative complications after sigmoid colon vaginoplasty were minimum and all the sexually active patients were sexually active. This method appears to be an effective for surgical treatment of vaginal agenesis.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding of maxillary sinus hypoplasia (MSH) and associated sinonasal variants is paramount to the diagnostic and therapeutic success of maxillary sinus and maxillary dental implant surgery. The purpose of this work was to explore the prevalence of MSH, frequency of mucosal thickening, and anatomical variations in the sinonasal complex.
METHODS: Retrospective case-control design based on cone beam CT images of dental patients with MSH and matched for age and gender. MSH type and sinonasal variables were recorded.
RESULTS: One thousand three hundred seventy cone beam CT scans were analyzed for MSH. MSH prevalence was 6% (n=82), matched with 82 controls= 100 females and 64 males, mean age 37.1±14.1 years. Most MSH were type I, 69.5%, 80.5% unilateral, 65.9% associated with no or mild mucosal thickening. Associated sinonasal anatomical variations were <27% except for deviated/hyperplastic (DH) meatus, 48.8%. Within the MSH group, significant associations were presented between MSH type, mucosal thickening, and DH nasal meatus. MSH group vs controls showed a significant difference in mucosal thickening (OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.0-17.3) and DH meatus (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-2.1).
CONCLUSIONS: A hypoplastic maxillary sinus with abnormal or absent uncinate process is associated with advanced mucosal thickening and may present with altered anatomy of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity causing its approximation to the orbital floor.
CONCLUSIONS: Pre-surgical knowledge of altered anatomy in the sinonasal complex is crucial in dental implant or sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the prevalence, type, and location of enamel defects in the permanent teeth of patients with complete unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP), and compared the prevalence and characteristics of defects between CLP patients and non-CLP individuals.
METHODS: We examined completely erupted permanent dentition, except for third molars, of CLP patients and non-CLP individuals of both sexes, 9-36 years of age, and analyzed corresponding panoramic radiographs. Two independent examiners performed clinical examinations in accordance with the Modified Developmental Defects of Enamel index.
RESULTS: A total of 210 (87.9%) CLP patients and 194 (41.4%) non-CLP individuals had at least one enamel defect; these were more prevalent in the CLP group than in the non-CLP group. Upper teeth were primarily affected by enamel defects associated with the cleft; defects were most prevalent on the cleft side in CLP patients, followed by the non-cleft side in CLP patients, and then by non-CLP individuals.
CONCLUSIONS: Enamel defects were more common in CLP patients than in non-CLP individuals. Among CLP patients, enamel defects were more prevalent in the cleft side of the maxilla; the central incisor was the most commonly affected tooth in this quadrant.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability to recognise different types of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) by a group of general dental staff, trained prior to the comprehensive prevalence study (the BITA study), and to compare their skills to that of an untrained group. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the DDE registrations and MIH diagnoses, 3 years after the BITA study ended. To evaluate the reliability of an MIH diagnose, 3 years after the study ended.
METHODS: The dental staff from five clinics (n = 43) was given instructions in identifying different types of DDE, according to the mDDE index (FDI in Int Dent J 42:411-426 1992). A test protocol with 24 digital photos of teeth with different DDE was filled out. The dental staff from five other clinics (n = 60), without preceding instructions, also filled out the protocol. Ninety-one patients with reported DDE were clinically re-examined 3 years later by two dentists with certified experience of DDE.
RESULTS: When untrained dental staff filled out the test protocol, only 42% of the affected surfaces were correctly assessed, whereas 85% of the dental staff instructed in recognizing DDE made a correct assessment (p < 0.000). The specialists confirmed 73% of the teeth diagnosed with DDE in the BITA study as affected. The agreement in judging the opacities as diffuse or demarcated was 76%. One-fourth of those being judged to be affected by MIH in the BITA-study also showed to be affected by other enamel disturbances.
CONCLUSIONS: The ability of the untrained dental staff to recognize DDE was insufficient. Instructions, using digital photos, raised the ability considerably. To ensure a correct MIH diagnosis, the patients should be followed until all the permanent teeth have erupted.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the medial and inferior localization of orbit in patients with maxillary sinus hypoplasia using paranasal computerized tomography.
METHODS: We included 76 patients who had a hypoplastic maxillary sinus at least on one side, and 76 patients with normal maxillary sinuses (control group). To assess the localization of orbit, we measured the distances from middle meatal antrostomy point to medial border of orbital medial wall and to the lower border of orbital floor in all patients. We performed statistical comparisons between the groups.
RESULTS: Of 76 patients, 26 (34.2%) had unilateral and 50 (65.8%) had bilateral maxillary hypoplasia. Of 126 maxillary sinuses, 70 (55.6%) was type 1, 42 (33.3%) was type 2 and 14 (11.1%) was type 3 hypoplastic. The mean distance from antrostomy point to lamina papyracea was 4.36 ± 2.62 mm in the hypoplasia group, and 1.08 ± 1.7 mm in the control group. The mean distance from antrostomy point to orbital floor was 1.53 ± 1.73 mm in the hypoplasia group, and 1.87 ± 1.96 mm in the control group. Lamina papyracea showed a significant medial localization in the maxillary hypoplasia group as compared to the control group (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The orbit has a medial localization in patients with maxillary sinus hypoplasia resulting in a higher complication risk during endoscopic sinus surgery.

Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) are induced and regulated by several factors including genetics and the environment. There is evidence showing that dioxin in polluted areas has a strong effect on the health and development of teeth. However, there has been no study on DDE in the dioxin-affected regions in Vietnam. To identify the effect of dioxin on the prevalence of DDE in studied areas in Vietnam, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 2200 adults in the A Luoi district in the Thua Thien Hue province (the dioxin-affected region) and in the Kim Bang district in the Ha Nam province (dioxin-unaffected region) in 2015. All subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and their teeth were examined and scored for enamel defects based on the 1992 FDI criteria. The defected teeth were then photographed. Our results showed that the DDE rate in A Luoi was 20.5% when measured as mouth prevalence and 5.8% when measured as tooth prevalence, while the rates in Kim Bang were 10.4 and 2.32% for mouth and tooth prevalence, respectively. Demarcated opacities were predominated in both districts (45.5% in A Luoi and 52.2% in Kim Bang). The DDE rate of the anterior teeth group was higher than that of the posterior teeth group. Most lesions presented on the buccal surface of the tooth. Overall, the DDE prevalence in the dioxin-affected region was 2.2 times higher than that in non-dioxin-affected region in the studied regions in Vietnam.