UNASSIGNED: The global distribution and trends in the attributable burden of cataract risk have rarely been systematically explored. To guide the development of targeted and accurate cataract screening and treatment strategies, we analyzed the burden of cataract disease attributable to known risk factors.
UNASSIGNED: This study utilized detailed cataract data from the Global Burden of Disease e 2019, and we analyzed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) e each risk factor from 1990 to 2019. Additionally, we calculated estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) during the study period.
UNASSIGNED: The results revealed that from 1990-2019, the global age-standardized DALYs of e attributable to particulate matter pollution, smoking, high fasting glucose plasma and high BMI showed steady downward trends (1990-2009: EAPC = -0.21 [-0.57 -0.14]); 2000-2009: EAPC = -0.95 [-1.01 -0.89]; 2010-2019: EAPC = -1.41 [-1.8 -1.02]). The age-standardized DALYs and mortality caused by each risk factor were highest in the low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) region (EAPC = -1.77[(-2.19--1.34)]). The overall disease burden of cataracts is lower in males than in females. When analyzing the EAPCs of cataract disease burden for each risk factor individually, we found that the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years caused by particulate matter pollution and smoking decreased (PMP1990-2009: EAPC = -0.53 [-0.9--0.16]; 2000-2009: EAPC = -1.39 [-1.45--1.32]; 2010-2019: EAPC = -2.27 [-2.75--1.79]; smoking 2000 to 2009: EAPC = -1.51 [-1.6--1.43], 2009 to 2019: EAPC = -1.34 [-1.68--1])), while high fasting plasma glucose and high body mass index increased annually (HFPG1990 to 1999: EAPC = 1.27 [0.89-1.65], 2000 to 2009: EAPC = 1.02 [0.82-1.22], 2010-2019: EAPC = 0.44 [0.19-0.68]; HBMI 1990 to 1999: EAPC = 1.65 [1.37-1.94], 2000 to 2009: EAPC = 1.56 [1.43-1.68], 2010-2019: EAPC = 1.47 [1.18-1.77]).
UNASSIGNED: The burden of cataracts caused by ambient particulate matter and smoking is increasing in low, low-middle SDI areas, and specific and effective measures are urgently needed. The results of this study suggest that reducing particulate matter pollution, quitting smoking, controlling blood glucose, and lowering BMI could play important roles in reducing the occurrence of cataracts, especially in older people.

BACKGROUND:  This study aims to analyze breast cancer burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in China from 1990 to 2019.
METHODS: Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. Deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were used for attributable burden, and age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to evaluate the independent effects of age, period and birth cohort.
RESULTS: In 2019, the age-standardized mortality and DALY rates of breast cancer attributable to high BMI were 1.107 (95% UI: 0.311, 2.327) and 29.990 (8.384, 60.713) per 100 000, and mortality and DALY rates attributable to high FPG were 0.519 (0.095, 1.226) and 13.662 (2.482, 32.425) per 100 000. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized mortality and DALY rates of breast cancer attributable to high BMI increased by 1.192% and 1.180%, and the trends of high FPG were not statistically significant. The APC results showed that the age effects of high BMI and high FPG-mortality and DALY rates increased, with the highest rates in the age group over 80 years. The birth cohort effects of high BMI showed \"inverted V\" shapes, while high FPG showed downward trends.
CONCLUSIONS: Age was the main reason for the increase of attributable burden, and postmenopausal women were the high-risk groups. Therefore, targeted prevention measures should be developed to improve postmenopausal women\'s awareness and effectively reduce the prevalence of obesity and diabetes, thereby reducing the breast cancer burden caused by metabolic factors in China.

BACKGROUND: The changing patterns of obesity have had a significant impact on the epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EC).
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the specific burden of EC associated with high body mass index (BMI) across different geographical and Sociodemographic Index (SDI) regions, using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
METHODS: Mortality, age-standardized death rates (ASDR), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed for 204 countries and territories. Decomposition analysis, frontier and health inequality analyses, and age-period-cohort models were employed to examine the factors driving disease burden and to predict future trends.
RESULTS: High BMI contributed to 89,903.9 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 27,878.9-171,254.6] EC-related deaths, an ASDR of 1.1 (95% UI 0.3-2.1) per 100,000 population, and 2,202,314.1 (681,901.4-4,173,080.3) DALYs in 2019. There was an increasing trend in these figures over the 29-year period. The middle SDI region (31,023.8, 95% UI 9,180.4-62,631.5) and East Asia (36,939.9, 95% UI 9,620.5-81,495) carried the highest burden of EC-related deaths. Disease burden increased across all age groups and genders globally. Population growth was a major factor driving EC deaths across all SDI quintiles. Disparities in disease burden were observed across countries at all development levels. Predictive models indicated a continued increase in EC-related deaths in the next decade.
CONCLUSIONS: The study provided a comprehensive understanding of the global burden of EC associated with high BMI over the past decades. Opportunities exist to reduce this burden at all SDI levels through targeted interventions and policies.

The present study analyses the relationships between deprivation and obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP). A retrospective observational study was conducted of infants with OBPP seen between 2008 and 2020 (n = 321). The index of multiple deprivation (IMD) was used to assign an IMD rank to patients based on birth postcode and the relationship with OBPP was analysed, including deprivation, gestational diabetes, age at referral and at first assessment. Quintile-based analysis demonstrated over-representation of patients from more deprived neighbourhoods (n = 109, 39%) living in the top 20% most deprived neighbourhoods. A total of 48 (15%) mothers had diabetes and 98 (31%) infants underwent surgical brachial plexus exploration (a marker of disease severity). Neither diabetes, age at referral nor age at first assessment were associated with IMD score. This suggests that neighbourhood deprivation is associated with OBPP, though the mechanisms are unclear. Further studies in this area may enable targeted health intervention for more deprived maternal and infant groups.Level of evidence: III.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to provide a timely and comprehensive estimate of the current burden and temporal trend of cardiovascular disease (CVD) attributable to high body mass index (HBMI).
METHODS: We systematically assessed the current burden and temporal trend of CVD attributable to HBMI by calendar year, age, sex, region, nation, socioeconomic status, and specific CVD based on the most recent Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019.
RESULTS: Globally, the numbers of CVD-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths attributable to HBMI has more than doubled from 1990 to 2019. Conversely, the age-standardized rates (ASRs) of CVD-related DALYs and deaths attributable to HBMI showed a slight downward trend, with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of -0.18 and -0.43, respectively. The ASRs of CVD-related DALYs and deaths attributable to HBMI were lower in low and high Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions in 2019, but higher in middle and high-middle SDI regions. The ASRs of CVD-related DALYs and deaths attributable to HBMI showed a downward trend in the high SDI regions from 1990 to 2019, but showed an upward trend in the low and low-middle SDI regions. The leading causes of CVD burden attributable to HBMI were ischemic heart disease, stroke, hypertensive heart disease, and atrial fibrillation/flutter in 2019.
CONCLUSIONS: The CVD burden attributable to HBMI remains a challenging global health concern. Policymakers in high and increasing burden regions can learn from some valuable experiences of low and decreasing burden regions and develop more targeted and specific strategies to prevent and reduce CVD burden attributable to HBMI.

Previous studies have quantified the current burden of diseases attributable to overweight in Chile. However, no study has estimated the attributable burden of overweight in the future. Herein, we estimated the potential impact of different trajectories in the prevalence of overweight on the incidence and mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Chilean adults from 2019 to 2030.
A multistate life table modelling was used to estimate the business-as-usual (BAU: if the current rate of increase in BMI persist through the next 11 years; i.e., 0.4% per year from 2003 to 2017) and three counterfactual scenarios (1: the increase rate of overweight is reduced by half; 2: maintanance of the current prevalence of overweight; 3: the prevalence of overweight is reduced by 6.7%) over a 11-year simulation period for burden of NCDs attributable to overweight in Chilean adults aged 20 to 80 years. The model inputs included nationally representative data of body mass index, national official demographic records, NCDs from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019, and relative risks from a published meta-analysis.
If the current trends of increase in overweight are maintained in Chile, approximately, 669 thousand cases and 117 thousand deaths from NCDs will occur from 2020 to 2030. In case the increase rate of overweight is reduced by half during this period, around 7 thousand cases and 1.4 thousand deaths from NCDs would be prevented, while achieving no increase in the prevalence of overweight would avert 10 thousand cases and 2 thousand deaths. In the optimistic scenario of reducing the prevalence of overweight by 6.7% until 2030, approximately 25 thousand cases and 5 thousand deaths from NCDs would be prevented.
We estimated that the number of NCDs cases and deaths that could be avoided by decreasing the prevalence of overweight in Chilean adults. Preventive programs aimed to reduce overweight may have a high impact on the future burden of NCDs in Chile.

UNASSIGNED: Gallbladder and biliary diseases are common gastrointestinal conditions associated with huge socioeconomic costs and are considered risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and digestive system cancers. The prevalence and incidence of gallbladder and biliary diseases have not received enough attention from 1990 to 2019. Several non-communicable diseases were associated with the incidence of gallbladder and biliary diseases. It is necessary to clarify the change in the incidence and disability burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases worldwide.
UNASSIGNED: Data on high body mass index (BMI)-related disease burden and incidence, years of life lost prematurely, and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to gallbladder and biliary diseases were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. The estimated annual percentage change was calculated to qualify the gallbladder and biliary disease burden change.
UNASSIGNED: The global age-standardized incidence rate has increased from 585.35 per 100,000 (95% UI: 506.05-679.86) in 1990 to 634.32 per 100,000 (95% UI: 540.21-742.93) in 2019. And the increase in incidence was positively correlated with rising high BMI-related summary exposure value. The high BMI-related YLDs of gallbladder and biliary diseases have increased worldwide over time. Globally, the 25-49 age group suffered a rapid rise in incidence and high BMI attributable to the YLDs rate of gallbladder and biliary diseases.
UNASSIGNED: The global incidence and high BMI-related YLDs of gallbladder and biliary diseases remain prominent to increase over the past 30 years. Notably, the incidence and high BMI-related YLDs among people aged 25-49 years have rapidly increased over time. Therefore, high BMI should be emphasized in strategic priorities for controlling gallbladder and biliary diseases.

To quantify the burden of osteoarthritis (OA) associated with high body mass index (BMI) across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.
This study extracted global, regional, and national data on years lived with disability (YLD) of OA associated with high BMI from GBD 2019. The YLD burden of OA associated with high BMI was systematically analyzed by age, SDI, sex, and EAPC.
At the global level, ~2.67 million (95% UI: 1.04, 5.75) YLD were attributable to OA associated with high BMI, with an age-standardized rate of 31.9 (95% UI: 12.4, 68.75) YLD per 100,000 population in 2019. There was a 0.5 increase (95% UI: 0.35, 0.79) over the 30 years with an EAPC of 1.45. In 2019, Australasia {57.49 (95% UI: 23.62, 125.38)}, high-income North America {56.2 (95% UI: 23.32, 121.97)}, and Andean Latin America {49.77 (95% UI: 19.73, 111.73)} had the highest age-standardized YLD rates. The population aged at 60-74 group had a higher YLD rate for both males and females. Females tended to be more sensitive to the OA associated with high BMI than male in any region.
In summary, the YLD rate of OA associated with high BMI presented a continuous upward trend in most countries. Women and older people are more sensitive to OA due to physiological and psychological factors. Controlling modifiable risk factors such as maintaining an appropriate BMI is needed for disease prevention.

High body mass index (BMI) plays a critical role in the initiation and development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the global burden of T2D attributable to high BMI. This study aims to report the deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of T2D related to high BMI in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.
Data on T2D burden attributable to high BMI were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. The global cases, age-standardized rates of mortality (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life years (ASDR) attributable to high BMI were estimated by age, sex, geographical location, and socio-demographic index (SDI). The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to quantify the trends of ASMR and ASDR during the period 1990-2019.
Globally, there were 619,494.8 deaths and 34,422,224.8 DALYs of T2D attributed to high BMI in 2019, more than triple in 1990. Moreover, the pace of increase in ASMR and ASDR accelerated during 1990-2019, with EAPC of 1.36 (95% CI: 1.27 to 1.45) and 2.13 (95% CI: 2.10 to 2.17) separately, especially in men, South Asia, and low-middle SDI regions. Oceania was the high-risk area of standardized T2D deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI in 2019, among which Fiji was the country with the heaviest burden. In terms of SDI, middle SDI regions had the biggest T2D-related ASMR and ASDR in 2019.
The global deaths and DALYs of T2D attributable to high BMI substantially increased from 1990 to 2019. High BMI as a major public health problem needs to be tackled properly and timely in patients with T2D.

UNASSIGNED: The purpose of the study was to describe the burden and temporal trend of cancer attributable to high body mass index (BMI), with major patterns highlighted by sex, Socio-demographic Index (SDI), and geographical region.
UNASSIGNED: This population-based observational study collected epidemiological data on cancer attributable to high BMI from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019. The obtained data included deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and their age-standardized rates at the global, gender, SDI, regional, and country levels. The trend magnitudes and directions over time for mortality were analyzed. The associations between SDI and burden of cancer attributable to high BMI were also evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Worldwide, 462.55 thousand deaths and 11.18 million DALYs of cancer were related to high BMI in 2019, and both have more than doubled since 1990. An annual 0.6% increase was observed for the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and the rate of increase slowed after 2000. In general, the burden of cancer attributable to high BMI was heavier in regions with higher SDI levels, whereas the increase slowed down or even showed a decreasing trend in the recent years. In contrast, in regions with lower SDI levels, although the baseline burden of cancer attributable to high BMI was relatively low, both the numbers and rates of deaths and DALYs showed a significantly increasing trend and may not stop increasing for a period of time. The trend and magnitude of high BMI-related cancer burden varied substantially in different anatomical sites. The leading three cancers of DALYs attributable to high BMI in 2019 were esophageal, colorectal, and liver cancer.
UNASSIGNED: The high BMI-related burden of cancers is worsening, particularly in developing countries. Concerted action should be suggested to increase awareness of the harmful effects of high BMI and decrease the burden of disease attributable to high BMI, including cancer.