弓形虫是线虫的一个属,感染各种宿主,主要是狗和猫,对人类有潜在的人畜共患风险。弓形虫属。幼虫能够在整个宿主组织中迁移,引起嗜酸性粒细胞和肉芽肿反应,虽然存活了很长时间,不变,在主机。据推测,幼虫能够通过排泄分泌产物的释放改变宿主的免疫反应,含有蛋白质和细胞外囊泡(EV)。近年来,电动汽车的研究呈指数增长,主要是由于它们作为诊断工具的潜在用途,和分子治疗。为此,已经描述了用于研究电动汽车的多种分离方法.这里,我们使用纳米粒子跟踪来比较产量,大小分布,以及通过各种报告方法获得的EV样本的标记百分比,来自犬弓形虫和T.cati的幼虫培养物,其中含有弓形虫排泄分泌产物(TES)。测试的方法包括超速离心,聚合物沉淀,磁性免疫沉淀,尺寸排阻色谱法,和超滤。基于这些发现,超滤在产量方面产生最好的结果,预期粒径,和%样品标签。透射电子显微镜证实了具有特征性杯形形态的电动汽车的存在。这些发现可以作为研究电动汽车的人员的指南,特别是那些从多细胞生物中释放出来的,比如蠕虫,对此,很少进行比较分析。
Toxocara is a genus of nematodes, which infects a variety of hosts, principally dogs and cats, with potential zoonotic risks to humans. Toxocara spp. larvae are capable of migrating throughout the host tissues, eliciting eosinophilic and granulomatous reactions, while surviving for extended periods of time, unchanged, in the host. It is postulated that larvae are capable of altering the host\'s immune response through the release of excretory-secretory products, containing both proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The
study of EVs has increased exponentially in recent years, largely due to their potential use as a diagnostic tool, and in molecular therapy. To this end, there have been multiple isolation methods described for the
study of EVs. Here, we use nanoparticle tracking to compare the yield, size distribution, and % labelling of EV samples acquired through various reported methods, from larval cultures of Toxocara canis and T. cati containing Toxocara excretory-secretory products (TES). The methods tested include ultracentrifugation, polymer precipitation, magnetic immunoprecipitation, size exclusion chromatography, and ultrafiltration. Based on these findings, ultrafiltration produces the best results in terms of yield, expected particle size, and % labelling of sample. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of EVs with characteristic cup-shaped morphology. These findings can serve as a guide for those investigating EVs, particularly those released from multicellular organisms, such as helminths, for which few comparative analyses have been performed.