这篇综述介绍了目前用于测定死后标本中葡萄糖醛酸乙酯(EtG)和硫酸乙酯(EtS)浓度的方法,包括样品制备,分析和EtG和EtS在酒精滥用程度验尸评估中的作用。
从科学数据库中收集并审查了与死后调查有关的论文。这些论文发表于2006年1月至2020年10月之间。
大多数分析涉及死后的血液和尿液样本,一些报告使用其他身体标本和组织。未对所有应用进行方法验证。这些报告主要是为了提供数据而不是解释数据,并且在将这些乙醇生物标志物与死亡原因和/或确定因乙醇中毒导致的死亡时间相关方面缺乏努力,可能会在2006年至2010年之间有希望的开始后降低这些标志物的适用性。然而,到2020年初,研究乙醇生物标志物的论文仍在增加。相当多的方法使用液相色谱与质谱联用(LC-MS)技术,这些技术需要较少的样品制备(例如,蛋白质沉淀提取,稀释,过滤,和离心)。虽然可以应用固相萃取,只报告了三份申请。
基体效应可能是基于LC-MS的分析方法中的实质性挑战,因为它们直接影响分析物的电离。然而,这些问题可以避免,由于用于识别这些乙醇生物标志物的阳性结果的高临界值,通常高于0.1-1毫克/升,并使用内部标准。建议进行使用组织标本的研究,因为大多数关于此类标本的报道结果都很有希望。
This
review presents the current methods used for determining ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) concentrations in postmortem specimens, including sample preparation, analysis and the role of EtG and EtS in the postmortem assessment of the extent of alcohol abuse.
Papers pertaining to postmortem investigation were collected from scientific databases and reviewed. The papers were published between January 2006 and October 2020.
Most of the analyses involved postmortem blood and urine samples, with a few reports using other bodily specimens and tissues. The method validation was not conducted for all applications. These reports were mostly intended to present data rather than interpret them, and the lack of effort in relating these ethanol biomarkers with the cause of death and/or determination of the time of deaths due to ethanol intoxication might decrease the applicability of these makers after a promising start between 2006 and 2010. Nevertheless, by the beginning of 2020, papers investigating ethanol biomarkers were still increasing. A considerable number of methods used liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques that require less sample preparation (e.g., protein precipitation extraction, dilution, filtration, and centrifugation). Although solid-phase extraction can be applied, only three applications were reported.
Matrix effects can be a substantial challenge in analytical methods based on LC-MS because they directly affect the ionization of analytes. However, these problems can be avoided due to the high cutoff values used to identify positive results for these ethanol biomarkers, which are often above 0.1-1 mg/L, and using internal standards. Research on using tissue specimens is recommended as most of the reported results on this type of specimen were promising.