Background: Depression has been shown to be associated with eye diseases, including dry eye disease (DED), cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). This narrative review explores potential pathophysiological connections between depression and eye disease, as well as its potential correlations with ocular parameters. Methods: A literature search was conducted in August 2022 in PUBMED, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Published articles related to the subject were consolidated and classified according to respective eye diseases and pathophysiological mechanisms. Results: The literature reviewed suggests that common pathophysiological states like inflammation and neurodegeneration may contribute to both depression and certain eye diseases, while somatic symptoms and altered physiology, such as disruptions in circadian rhythm due to eye diseases, can also influence patients\' mood states. Grounded in the shared embryological, anatomical, and physiological features between the eye and the brain, depression is also correlated to changes observed in non-invasive ophthalmological imaging modalities, such as changes in the retinal nerve fibre layer and retinal microvasculature. Conclusions: There is substantial evidence of a close association between depression and eye diseases. Understanding the underlying concepts can inform further research on treatment options and monitoring of depression based on ocular parameters.

Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the world. It is associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Fluctuations in tonometer readings have implications for glaucoma research, where accurate IOP measurements are vital for evaluating disease progression and treatment efficacy. Researchers should carefully select the appropriate tonometer and consider biases associated with different tonometers. Validation against standard measurements can improve IOP measurement accuracy in rat models. In conclusion, this systematic review will emphasize on the importance of selecting the appropriate tonometer for IOP measurement in rat models, considering potential biases and their implications for glaucoma research. Accurate and consistent IOP measurement in rat models is crucial for understanding glaucoma pathophysiology and developing effective treatments. This systematic review aims to assess agreement among tonometers used for measuring IOP in Wistar rat models primarily focusing on TonoLab, TonoVet, and Tono-pen. The review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Two articles were included for qualitative synthesis. The studies compared manometric IOP with TonoLab, rebound tonometer, and Tono-pen XL readings. It was observed that TonoLab consistently underestimated IOP, while Tono-pen XL tended to overestimate IOP compared to manometric measurements. The study\'s findings will help researchers in making decisions about tonometer selection, leading to more reliable outcomes in glaucoma research using rat models. Further research, specifically RCT\'s (randomized controlled trial) is needed to confirm the results and enhance IOP measurement precision in rat models.

OBJECTIVE: Glaucoma is a chronic disease with an insidious onset that often brings severe psychological burden to patients. Therefore, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis, we explore the prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety in glaucoma patients, and provide clinically valuable information for medical staff.
METHODS: Computer searches were conducted for relevant studies in PubMed, Embase, ProQuest PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and China VIP Database. The search date range was from the establishment of the database to December 2023. Literature was screened and data were extracted. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the literature, and RevMan5.4 was used for meta-analysis.
RESULTS: The total sample size of the 15 included studies was 24,334 cases. All included studies were of high quality. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that, compared with control patients without glaucoma, patients with glaucoma were more likely to experience depression and to have more severe depressive symptoms [RR (Relative Risk) = 5.92, 95% CI (Confidence Interva) (3.29, 10.66), p < 0.01]; they were also more likely to experience anxiety and to have more severe anxiety symptoms [RR = 2.99, 95% CI (1.93, 4.64), p < 0.01]. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the two studies by Cumurcu E. 2005 and Yochim 2012 were the sources of heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of depression; and the three studies by Mabuchi 2012, Otori 2017, and Yochim 2012 were the sources of heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of anxiety disorders.
CONCLUSIONS: People with glaucoma are more likely to experience depression and anxiety than people without glaucoma. Medical staff should pay greater attention to patients\' emotional problems and help patients improve their quality of life.

UNASSIGNED: Topical prostaglandin analogues are commonly used to treat patients with glaucoma, but may cause periocular and periorbital complications known as prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy syndrome (PAPS).
UNASSIGNED: A literature review was conducted on PAPS. Given the lack of consensus on grading PAPS, glaucoma specialists from Asia convened to evaluate current PAPS grading systems and propose additional considerations in grading PAPS.
UNASSIGNED: Existing grading systems are limited by the lack of specificity in defining grades and consideration for patients\' subjective perception of symptoms. Patient-reported symptoms (e.g., via a self-assessment tool) and additional clinical assessments (e.g., exophthalmometry, lid laxity, differences between tonometry results, baseline measurements, and external ocular photographs) would be beneficial for grading PAPS systematically.
UNASSIGNED: Effective management of PAPS could be facilitated by a common clinical grading system to consistently and accurately diagnose and characterise symptoms. Further research is required to validate specific recommendations and approaches to stage and monitor PAPS.

Glaucoma, an irreversible optic neuropathy, primarily affects retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and causes vision loss and blindness. The damage to RGCs in glaucoma occurs by various mechanisms, including elevated intraocular pressure, oxidative stress, inflammation, and other neurodegenerative processes. As the disease progresses, the loss of RGCs leads to vision loss. Therefore, protecting RGCs from damage and promoting their survival are important goals in managing glaucoma. In this regard, resveratrol (RES), a polyphenolic phytoalexin, exerts antioxidant effects and slows down the evolution and progression of glaucoma. The present review shows that RES plays a protective role in RGCs in cases of ischemic injury and hypoxia as well as in ErbB2 protein expression in the retina. Additionally, RES plays protective roles in RGCs by promoting cell growth, reducing apoptosis, and decreasing oxidative stress in H2O2-exposed RGCs. RES was also found to inhibit oxidative stress damage in RGCs and suppress the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. RES could alleviate retinal function impairment by suppressing the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha/vascular endothelial growth factor and p38/p53 axes while stimulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Therefore, RES might exert potential therapeutic effects for managing glaucoma by protecting RGCs from damage and promoting their survival.

UNASSIGNED: This study was aimed to summarize the complications and their management associated with XEN gel stent implantation.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic review of literature was conducted using Medline (via PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library databases, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, from their inception to February 1, 2024.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 48 studies published between 2017 and 2024 were identified and included in the systematic review, including 16 original studies (retrospective or prospective clinical studies), 28 case reports, and 4 case series, which followed patients for up to 5 years. Early postoperative complications of XEN gel stent implantation include hypotony maculopathy (1.9-4.6%), occlusion (3.9-8.8%), suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH), choroidal detachment (0-15%), conjunctival erosion, and exposure of the XEN gel stent (1.1-2.3%), wound and bleb leaks (2.1%) and malignant glaucoma (MG) (2.2%). Mid-postoperative complications of XEN gel stent implantation included migration of XEN (1.5%), ptosis (1.2%), endophthalmitis (0.4-3%), macular edema (1.5-4.3%), hypertrophic bleb (8.8%) and subconjunctival XEN gel stent fragmentation (reported in 2 cases). Late postoperative complications reported in cases included spontaneous dislocation and intraocular degradation.
UNASSIGNED: XEN gel stent implantation is a minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedure for glaucoma, known for its potential to minimize tissue damage and reduce surgical duration. However, it is crucial to note that despite these advantages, there remains a risk of severe complications, including endophthalmitis, SCH, and MG. Therefore, postoperative follow-up and early recognition of severe complications are essential for surgical management.

Although selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is a recognized method for the treatment of glaucoma, the exact changes in the target tissue and mechanism for its intraocular pressure lowing effect are still unclear. The purpose of this review is to summarize the potential mechanisms of SLT on trabecular meshwork both in vivo and in vitro, so as to reveal the potential mechanism of SLT. SLT may induce immune or inflammatory response in trabecular meshwork (TM) induced by possible oxidative damage etc, and remodel extracellular matrix. It may also induce monocytes to aggregate in TM tissue, increase Schlemm\'s canal (SC) cell conductivity, disintegrate cell junction and promote permeability through autocrine and paracrine forms. This provides a theoretical basis for SLT treatment in glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) in detecting glaucoma with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images.
METHODS: Electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and Cochrane Library were searched before May 31, 2023 which adopted AI for glaucoma detection with SD-OCT images. All pieces of the literature were screened and extracted by two investigators. Meta-analysis, Meta-regression, subgroup, and publication of bias were conducted by Stata16.0. The risk of bias assessment was performed in Revman5.4 using the QUADAS-2 tool.
RESULTS: Twenty studies and 51 models were selected for systematic review and Meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.91 (95%CI: 0.86-0.94, I2=94.67%), 0.90 (95%CI: 0.87-0.92, I2=89.24%). The pooled positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were 8.79 (95%CI: 6.93-11.15, I2=89.31%) and 0.11 (95%CI: 0.07-0.16, I2=95.25%). The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and area under curve (AUC) were 83.58 (95%CI: 47.15-148.15, I2=100%) and 0.95 (95%CI: 0.93-0.97). There was no threshold effect (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.22, P>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: There is a high accuracy for the detection of glaucoma with AI with SD-OCT images. The application of AI-based algorithms allows together with \"doctor+artificial intelligence\" to improve the diagnosis of glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of secondary glaucoma in children following congenital cataract surgery.
METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception through March 16, 2023. Studies reporting congenital cataract surgery and glaucoma were enrolled. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale, and data analysis was executed utilizing R software.
RESULTS: A total of 36 published studies with 3151 patients (4717 eyes) were included in the analysis. The incidence rate of glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery was 6.6% (95% CI: 3.9%, 9.9%). The incidence of secondary glaucoma in the primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation group (3.3% [95% CI: 1.5%, 5.8%]) and the secondary IOL implantation group (3.5% [95% CI: 0%, 11.4%]) were lower compared to the aphakia group (13.5% [95% CI: 7.7%, 20.6%]). The incidence rate among children with congenital cataracts from Asia (6.9% [95% CI: 4.1%, 10.4%]) was higher than that in European children (0.9% [95% CI: 0%, 3.0%]; P < .01). A correlation was identified between the age at cataract surgery and the incidence of secondary glaucoma (P = .02).
CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis found that the incidence of secondary glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery is approximately 6.6%. Children with IOL implantation exhibit a lower incidence of secondary glaucoma, with a lower incidence noted in European children compared to their Asian counterparts. The age at cataract surgery is an important risk factor to consider.

In recent years, researchers have been interested in neuroprotective therapies as a cutting-edge therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegenerative disorders by shielding the brain system from harmful events. Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from glaucoma, an ocular neurodegenerative disease characterized by gradual excavation of the optic nerve head, retinal axonal damage, and consequent visual loss. The pathology\'s molecular cause is still mostly unknown, and the current treatments are not able to alter the disease\'s natural progression. Thus, the modern approach to treating glaucoma consists of prescribing medications with neuroprotective properties, in line with the treatment strategy suggested for other neurodegenerative diseases. For this reason, several naturally derived compounds, including nicotinamide and citicoline, have been studied throughout time to try to improve glaucoma management by exploiting their neuroprotective properties. The purpose of this review is to examine the naturally derived compounds that are currently utilized in clinical practice for neuroprotection in glaucomatous patients based on scientific data, emphasizing these compounds\' pivotal mechanism of action as well as their proven therapeutic and neuroprotective benefits.