在脊椎动物中,控制男性或女性性腺分化的触发和生物过程各不相同,性别决定(SD)受环境因素或简单到复杂的遗传机制支配,这些遗传机制在不同群体中反复和独立地进化。这里,我们用SD的信息回顾了脊椎动物主要进化枝的性别进化,性发育和生殖模式。我们提供最新的分歧时间审查,物种多样性,基因组资源,基因组大小,多倍体的发生和性质,SD系统,性染色体,SD基因,剂量补偿和性别偏倚基因表达。测序技术的进步现在使我们能够在更广泛的进化范围内研究SD的进化,我们现在希望在脊椎动物中进行性别组学综合研究。脊椎动物性系包括关于性分化的跨学科和综合信息,所有生物水平的发育和繁殖,从基因组中,转录组和蛋白质组,涉及性和性别特定过程的器官,包括性腺,次要性器官和具有转录性偏见的器官。性别群体还包括性分化的个体发育和行为方面,包括SD的故障和损伤,性分化和生育能力。从高通量方法生成的数据开始,我们鼓励其他人贡献专业知识,以建立对许多关键脊椎动物物种性别的理解。本文是主题“挑战性染色体进化的范式:以脊椎动物为重点的经验和理论见解(第一部分)”的一部分。
Triggers and biological processes controlling male or female gonadal differentiation vary in vertebrates, with sex determination (SD) governed by environmental factors or simple to complex genetic mechanisms that evolved repeatedly and independently in various groups. Here, we
review sex evolution across major clades of vertebrates with information on SD, sexual development and reproductive modes. We offer an up-to-date
review of divergence times, species diversity, genomic resources, genome size, occurrence and nature of polyploids, SD systems, sex chromosomes, SD genes, dosage compensation and sex-biased gene expression. Advances in sequencing technologies now enable us to study the evolution of SD at broader evolutionary scales, and we now hope to pursue a sexomics integrative research initiative across vertebrates. The vertebrate sexome comprises interdisciplinary and integrated information on sexual differentiation, development and reproduction at all biological levels, from genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes, to the organs involved in sexual and sex-specific processes, including gonads, secondary sex organs and those with transcriptional sex-bias. The sexome also includes ontogenetic and behavioural aspects of sexual differentiation, including malfunction and impairment of SD, sexual differentiation and fertility. Starting from data generated by high-throughput approaches, we encourage others to contribute expertise to building understanding of the sexomes of many key vertebrate species. This article is part of the theme issue \'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)\'.