The advent of smartphone fundus imaging technology has marked a significant evolution in the field of ophthalmology, offering a novel approach to the diagnosis and management of retinopathy. This review provides an overview of smartphone fundus imaging, including clinical applications, advantages, limitations, clinical applications, and future directions. The traditional fundus imaging techniques are limited by their cost, portability, and accessibility, particularly in resource-limited settings. Smartphone fundus imaging emerges as a cost-effective, portable, and accessible alternative. This technology facilitates the early detection and monitoring of various retinal pathologies, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vascular disorders, thereby democratizing access to essential diagnostic services. Despite its advantages, smartphone fundus imaging faces challenges in image quality, standardization, regulatory considerations, and medicolegal issues. By addressing these limitations, this review highlights the areas for future research and development to fully harness the potential of smartphone fundus imaging in enhancing patient care and visual outcomes. The integration of this technology into telemedicine is also discussed, underscoring its role in facilitating remote patient care and collaborative care among physicians. Through this review, we aim to contribute to the understanding and advancement of smartphone fundus imaging as a valuable tool in ophthalmic practice, paving the way for its broader adoption and integration into medical diagnostics.

Gamification involves using game design elements in non-game contexts. It is an emerging strategy that, being able to motivate consumer engagement with brands, has been increasingly used by companies in marketing activities. Recently, the application of gamification to marketing has become increasingly popular, with an increasing amount of research outputs. However, a clear overview of the field, a theoretical orientation or an agenda for research are still missing, which justifies the analysis of the existing literature joining these two fields of research. The motivation for conducting this review was twofold: Firstly, it is helpful to attain a broad overview of this developing field, synthesizing the existing knowledge in a structured way, understanding how gamification research in marketing has progressed and what type of knowledge has been acquired; secondly, it allows us to provide valuable information that will guide future research. Thus, this study provides a hybrid review, which integrates a bibliometric and TCCM analysis, of gamification in marketing by analyzing 114 articles. The data was retrieved from the Scopus scientific database. The bibliometric analysis showed the existence of 8 clusters, mostly representing current areas of research. It was found that the focus of the literature, so far, has been on studying which game elements should be implemented in a gamification system, as well as examining the impact of gamification experiences on engagement and consumer\'s behaviors. The TCCM analysis revealed the major theories and methodological approaches explored in published articles. The use of self-determination theory and quantitative methodology, based on primary data using online surveys, stands out. These complementary analyzes allowed to provide future research directions to scholars and practitioners working in this domain, promoting the advancement of scientific knowledge, contextual relevance and methodological rigor. Moreover, this review also helps marketers make more informed strategic decisions and supports successful gamification design.

The growing interest in proton therapy (PT) in recent decades is justified by the evidence that protons dose distribution allows maximal dose release at the tumor depth followed by sharp distal dose fall-off. But, in the holistic management of head and neck cancer (HNC), limiting the potential of PT to a mere dosimetric advantage appears reductive. Indeed, the precise targeting of PT may help evaluate the effectiveness of de-escalation strategies, especially for patients with human papillomavirus associated-oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Furthermore, PT could have potentially greater immunogenic effects than conventional photon therapy, possibly enhancing both the radiotherapy (RT) capability to activate anti-tumor immune response and the effectiveness of immunotherapy drugs. Based on these premises, the aim of the present paper is to conduct a narrative review reporting the safety and efficacy of PT compared to photon RT focusing on NPC and OPC. We also provide a snapshot of ongoing clinical trials comparing PT with photon RT for these two clinical scenarios. Finally, we discuss new insights that may further develop clinical research on PT for HNC.

BACKGROUND: The evolution of nursing education requires a combination of strong academic faculty and expert clinicians. Different professional growth and development pathways are necessary to build a robust faculty with clinical and research expertise. Some schools have implemented a formal clinical track (CT) to complement the traditional tenure track for the professional advancement of CT.
METHODS: The article presents a case example of how one institution maintains and advances a strong CT using the Kotter Change Model and discusses future directions.
RESULTS: The school\'s infrastructure for promotion, which follows a similar structure and guidelines as Tenure Track (TT) Promotion and Tenure Guidelines, has led to an increase in the school\'s scholarly productivity among CT faculty across ranks. Increasing poster and podium presentations as well as publications to a national and international audience results in greater reach and improved reputation for the school, both nationally and internationally.
CONCLUSIONS: While there is still work to be done to advance equity and inclusion for nursing CTs, developing and maintaining a CT with system-level structures holds significant value and provides a clear path to promotion, invests in clinical scholarship, and includes clinical faculty as full citizens in academia.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn\'s disease and ulcerative colitis, presents a complex and challenging clinical scenario characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Traditional herbal medicine has garnered increasing interest as a potential adjunctive or alternative therapy for IBD, owing to its perceived efficacy, safety profile, and holistic approach to health. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of herbal interventions for IBD, addressing scientific, regulatory, clinical, and patient-related considerations. Scientifically, the exploration of herbal interventions faces challenges related to the complexity of herbal formulations, standardization, and quality control. Regulatory hurdles encompass stringent requirements for safety, efficacy, and quality standards, necessitating adherence to robust preclinical and clinical protocols. Clinically, the heterogeneity of the patient population, potential interactions with conventional therapies, and patient preferences pose challenges in the integration of herbal interventions into clinical practice.

Echinococcal cysts (ECs) are a significant public health concern globally, particularly in endemic regions. Among these, primary retroperitoneal echinococcal cysts (PRECs) present unique challenges due to their location and complex presentations. Total cystectomy, involving complete removal of the EC and surrounding tissue, is a surgical option for managing PRECs. However, evidence regarding its efficacy and safety is limited. We conducted a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to evaluate the role of total cystectomy in managing PRECs. A comprehensive search of databases yielded four relevant studies. These studies reported favorable outcomes following total cystectomy, including low recurrence rates and minimal postoperative complications. However, challenges such as technical complexity and proximity to vital structures were noted. Future research should focus on evaluating minimally invasive approaches, exploring adjuvant therapies, identifying predictors of recurrence, and assessing cost-effectiveness. This systematic review underscores the need for further investigation to optimize the management of PRECs and improve patient outcomes.

This special article provides a comprehensive commentary on the significant role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of dermatology. It explores the potential of AI in various aspects of dermatologic practice, including diagnosis, treatment planning, research and patient management. The article discusses the current state of AI in dermatology, its challenges and the ethical considerations surrounding its implementation. It highlights the transformative impact of AI on dermatologic care and offers insights into the future directions of AI in the field.

This study provides a comprehensive overview and bibliometric analysis of air pollution research in Chile from 1980 to 2022. The analysis reveals a significant increase in scientific production, a 9.2 annual growth rate, and an H-index of 60. The research spans 33 countries and is influenced by environmental sciences, meteorology, and atmospheric sciences journals. The top ten authors account for 33.49 % of all publications, with local institutions contributing more than 35 %. The University of Chile and the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile are significant contributors. The most cited articles focus on health impacts and various pollutant sources, emphasizing air pollution as a critical public health concern. The study also emphasizes environmental science, meteorology, and atmospheric science, focusing on topics such as air pollution and health, pollutants, models, sources and chemistry, and social sciences. The findings are affirmed through rigorous discussion and review, providing a roadmap for future research, guiding decision-making processes, and expanding the knowledge frontier in the field.

Blue light plays an important role in regulating plant elongation. However, due to the limitations of older lighting technologies, the responses of plants to pure blue light have not been fully studied, and some of our understandings of the functions of blue light in the literature need to be revisited. This review consolidates and analyzes the diverse findings from previous studies on blue-light-mediated plant elongation. By synthesizing the contrasting results, we uncover the underlying mechanisms and explanations proposed in recent research. Moreover, we delve into the exploration of blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a tool for manipulating plant elongation in controlled-environment plant production, highlighting the latest advancements in this area. Finally, we acknowledge the challenges faced and outline future directions for research in this promising field. This review provides valuable insights into the pivotal role of blue light in plant growth and offers a foundation for further investigations to optimize plant elongation using blue light technology.

This narrative review delves into the intricate landscape of liver diseases, providing a comprehensive background of the diverse conditions that afflict this vital organ. Liver diseases, ranging from viral hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pose significant global health challenges. Understanding these diseases\' multifaceted origins and progression is pivotal for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The epidemiology and etiology of liver diseases emphasize the global impact of viral hepatitis, with hepatitis B and C as significant contributors. Concurrently, the rising prevalence of NAFLD, linked to lifestyle factors and metabolic syndrome, underscores the intricate relationship between modern living and liver health. Chronic liver diseases often evolve insidiously, progressing from inflammation to fibrosis and, ultimately, to cirrhosis - a stage characterized by irreversible scarring and compromised function. The heightened risk of HCC in advanced liver disease stages further underscores the urgency of effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The evolving landscape of non-invasive diagnostic tools is explored for their role in enabling early detection and accurate staging of liver diseases. In the realm of treatment, there is a continuous transition toward personalized medicine, customized to suit the unique profiles of individual patients. This shift encompasses a broad spectrum, ranging from personalized pharmacological interventions to lifestyle modifications and surgical options. Delving into innovative therapies, such as gene editing and immunomodulation, offers a glimpse into the promising future directions that have the potential to redefine the landscape of liver disease diagnosis and treatment.