Background: Parkinson\'s disease (PD) is a common and complex neurological problem. Gait abnormalities are frequent in PD patients, and this increases the risk of falls. However, little is known about foot deformities and footwear in this vulnerable population. Here we investigate whether patients with PD use an appropriate shoe size and know if they have foot deformities or alterations. Methodology: A study of a series of observational descriptive cases in a convenience sample (n = 53 patients) diagnosed with Parkinson\'s disease. One trained investigator evaluated foot and ankle health. The footwear and foot measurements were obtained using a Brannock device. Results: The podiatric examination and footwear examination detected a high presence of podiatric pathologies and inappropriate footwear. This has a negative impact on the quality of life of these patients. Conclusions: This research detected an elevated number of people with foot deformities or alterations. Moreover, a high proportion of participants with PD wear inadequate footwear (in length, width, or both).

Recently, over the half of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis achieved clinical remission with beneficial effects of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, including biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Because the patients in remission should have no/reduced progression of joint damage, there is a trend towards joint-preserving surgery in the treatment of rheumatoid forefoot deformities. Here we report a 76-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed a severe forefoot deformity including a large bony erosion of the first metatarsal head. She showed near remission for rheumatoid arthritis without having clinically active synovitis in her MTP joints. To preserving her metatarsophalangeal joint, a double first metatarsal osteotomy was planned to remove the bony erosion and simultaneously correct the hallux valgus. Thirty-month follow-up demonstrated excellent radiographical and patient-reported outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a double first metatarsal osteotomy to remove the bony erosion and simultaneously correct the hallux valgus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis with a large erosion of the first metatarsal head.

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The varus ankle deformity can lead to osteoarthritis; therefore, numerous supramalleolar tibia osteotomy techniques are described to correct this deformity. Many of these techniques are more suitable for uniplanar ankle deformity. Particularly, if there are multiplane ankle deformities, the use of the six-axis deformity correction system may be successful in solving the problems which may occur during the correction. In this article, we report two cases of three plane deformities of ankle joint due to trauma sequelae, which were treated with supramalleolar osteotomy using a hexapod fixator which is called the Smart Correction Frame®.

Ankle fractures are common injuries. If an ankle fracture is combined with tibiofibular syndesmosis separation, then tibiofibular transfixation should be used to stabilize the syndesmosis; in such cases, flexible (suture-button) fixation is an option. We surgically treated a male patient\'s unstable ankle fracture with internal fixation devices, including a suture-button fixator, and observed the development of a flexor hallucis longus checkrein deformity in the postoperative period. The aim of this report is to describe this rare postoperative complication associated with the use of suture-button transfixation of the tibiofibular syndesmosis.

Total calcaneus and talus loss in the hindfoot is an unusual but severe condition encountered in clinical settings. This condition affects lower-extremity function and poses a significant challenge to limb salvage. We present a case of a 43-year-old man with total calcaneus and talus loss in the right foot treated by Ilizarov technique. A staged treatment protocol was planned to reconstruct and optimize the heel for weightbearing and walking. During the 15-month postoperative follow-up, the patient reported no significant discomfort in the targeted foot and regained satisfactory function, including shoe wearing, walking, driving, and climbing stairs. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale score was 71, which was an improvement from a preoperative score of 40. This case is the first reported on the functional reconstruction by Ilizarov technique of hindfoot with total calcaneus and talus loss. This treatment protocol provides an effective approach to reconstructing the hindfoot with massive bone loss, although the long-term outcome remains unknown.

Rupture of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon is a rare condition that can occur with direct or indirect trauma; most of the injuries are complete ruptures resulting from laceration. Endoscopic calcaneoplasty is used for treatment of symptomatic Haglund\'s deformity, and complications of this procedure are rare. Iatrogenic FHL tendon rupture occurring after endoscopic calcaneoplasty has not been reported previously. This case report presents a rare complication after endoscopic calcaneoplasty and the proper method of treatment.

A 55-year-old ambulatory woman with hemiplegia and varus foot deformity had several problems in her daily life, including load pain and stance instability in the affected foot, easy fatigue of the non-paralysed leg, low back pain, neck stiffness and rapid shoe-rubber wear on the deformed side. We began repeated focal blockades using botulinum toxin to the tibialis posterior muscle to control varus spasticity. Distant influences presenting in the whole body were relieved soon after the first blockade, and shoe wear also stopped. Although, neither the deformed appearance nor foot contact pattern on walking changed in the initial period after beginning the blockade, the foot contact pattern revealed gradual improvement over several years. Generally, surgical correction is indicated for the treatment of deformed feet. The present case suggests that, in case of varus-deformed foot with some spastic elements, trial of focal blockade for varus spasticity may be worthwhile.

Macrodactylism or macrodactyly is referred to as congenital deformity of fingers or toes, and the corresponding incidence rate is relatively low. In this article, we describe a young male with macrodactylism of the second toe of his right foot. He was suffering from persistent pain, overgrowth, and hyperhidrosis ofthe involved toe. Radiographic examination of the right foot showed a small translucent area surrounded by hyperplasia and sclerotic bone in the second distal phalanx, in addition to increased soft tissue density and volume. Surgical resection of the bone lesion and reduction of the soft tissue bulk were performed. Pathological findings showed osteoblast hyperplasia, which was diagnosed as osteoid osteoma, and noabnormal findings were seen in the skin. Symptoms of pain and hyperhidrosis disappeared postsurgery and did not recur over the subsequent 2-year follow-up. As far as we know, this was a rare case of osteoid osteoma occurring in the toe that resulted in macrodactylism, which was also associated with localized hyperhidrosis.

Lesser metatarsophalangeal joint pathology is a common condition facing the foot and ankle surgeon, often beginning as a mild subluxation of the toe and progressing to a full dislocation of the metatarsophalangeal joint. In severe or recalcitrant deformities, traditional conservative and surgical methods can fail to resolve the issue. We report on 4 patients with 5 severely dislocated lesser metatarsophalangeal joints with varied etiologies and comorbidities who underwent arthrodesis of these joints using screw and plate fixation. All patients achieved radiographic and clinical signs of union at an average of 16.4 weeks.