Congenital tumors are rare, and malignant congenital tumors are uncommon. Benign tu,mors might be life-threatening, depending on the location and size of the tumor. Different factors affect congenital tumors, such as maternal and placental hormones and environmental factors such as drugs, radiation, and infection. Developing fetal imaging methods and continuous follow-up during pregnancy are important factors in congenital tumor prognosis. Ultrasound is the most common method used for fetal evaluation. The complementary evaluation method is MRI. Both methods are helpful and widely spread for the detection of congenital tumors. These imaging methods help the medical team make a suitable decision about therapy. Some of these tumors regressed spontaneously, and some need surgical treatments. Treatment of tumors has developed rapidly, and recently molecular-targeted drugs have been used.

BACKGROUND: According to prenatal ultrasonographic studies, single umbilical artery may be present alone or in association with other fetal abnormalities. So far, the exact pathogenesis of bladder exstrophy is unclear. Some scholars believe that bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy should be regarded as a disease spectrum to explore their pathogenesis. If bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy are regarded as the same disease spectrum, then we can speculate that the single umbilical artery should have the probability of being accompanied by bladder exstrophy at the same time.
METHODS: For the first time, we report a rare case of fetal bladder exstrophy with single umbilical artery in single pregnancy. This patient underwent targeted color Doppler ultrasound at 26 weeks of pregnancy which first suspected bladder exstrophy with single umbilical artery and fetal MRI for diagnosis at 38 + 3 weeks of pregnancy which confirmed the suspicion. After the diagnosis was confirmed, the patient was scheduled for a multidisciplinary discussion. Ultimately the patient opted for induced fetal demise at 38 + 5 weeks of pregnancy and the physical appearance of the fetal demise affirmed previous ultrasound and MRI examination results.
CONCLUSIONS: Our report is the first finding of single umbilical artery combined with bladder exstrophy in a singleton pregnancy. Accordingly, our case enhances the evidence that cloacal exstrophy and bladder exstrophy should be treated as the same disease spectrum. In addition, we conducted a literature review on the diagnostic progress of single umbilical artery combined with bladder exstrophy, hoping to provide useful references for the diagnosis of this disease.

UNASSIGNED: The septum pellucidum is a virtual cavity located at the anterior part of the brain midline, which only in fetal life has a certain amount of fluid inside. The presence of an obliterated cavum septi pellucidi (oCSP) in the prenatal period is poorly described in the literature but, nevertheless, it constitutes an important clinical dilemma for the fetal medicine specialist in terms of significance and prognosis. Moreover, its occurrence is increasing maybe because of the widespread of high-resolution ultrasound machine. The aim of this work is to review the available literature regarding the oCSP along with the description of a case-report of oCSP with an unexpected outcome.
UNASSIGNED: A search of the literature through Pubmed was performed up to December 2022 with the aim to identify all cases of oCSP previously described, using as keywords \"cavum septi pellucidi,\" \"abnormal cavum septi pellucidi,\" \"fetus,\" and \"septum pellucidum.\" Along with the narrative review, we describe a case-report of oCSP.
UNASSIGNED: A 39 years old woman was diagnosed with a nuchal translucency between the 95° and 99° centile in the first trimester and an oCSP and \"hookshaped\" gallbladder at 20 weeks. Left polymicrogyria was found at fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Standard karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) were normal. After birth, the newborn presented signs of severe acidosis, untreatable seizures and multiorgan failure leading to death. A targeted gene analysis of the epilepsy panel revealed the presence of a de novo pathogenic variant involving the PTEN gene. The literature review identified four articles reporting on the oCSP of which three were case report and one was a case-series. The reported rate of associated cerebral findings is around 20% and the rate of adverse neurological outcome is around 6%, which is higher than the background risk of the general population.
UNASSIGNED: This case-report and review of the literature shows that oCSP is a clinical entity poorly described so far and that, despite the generally good prognosis, it requires caution in counseling. The diagnostic work-up should include neurosonography while fetal MRI may be always indicated for non-isolated cases only, depending on local facilities. Targeted gene analysis or whole exome sequencing may be indicated for non-isolated cases.

Adequate reference ranges of size of the corpus callosum (CC) are necessary to improve characterization of CC abnormalities and parental counseling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the methodology used in studies developing references charts for CC biometry.
We conducted a systematic review of studies on fetal CC biometry using a set of predefined quality criteria of study design, statistical analysis and reporting methods. We included observational studies whose primary aim was to create ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging charts for CC size in a normal population of fetuses. Studies were scored against a predefined set of independently agreed methodological criteria, and an overall quality score was given for each study.
Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Quality scores ranged between 17.4% and 95.7%. The greatest potential for bias was noted for the following items: sample selection and sample-size calculation, as only 17% of the studies were population-based and had consecutive or random recruitment of patients and with a justification of the sample size; number of measurements obtained for CC biometry, as only 17% of the studies performed more than one measurement per fetus and per scan; and description of characteristics of the study population, as only 8% of the studies clearly reported a minimum dataset of demographic characteristics.
Our review demonstrates substantial heterogeneity in methods and final biometric values of the fetal CC across the evaluated studies. The use of uniform methodology of the highest quality is essential in order to define a \'short\' CC and provide appropriate parental counseling. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Fetal ventriculomegaly refers to ventricular enlargement that is diagnosed prenatally. It is one of the most common fetal anomalies. The diagnosis is made by ultrasound when the arterial diameter of the ventricle is more than 10 mm. Once it is diagnosed, further evaluation by detailed ultrasound, fetal MRI, and genetic studies is required. Prenatal surgical management of fetal ventriculomegaly is still limited and associated with high risks. Postnatal management is similar to the treatment of other types of hydrocephalus. Fetal ventriculomegaly is a heterogeneous condition with various etiologies and a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The outcomes depend mainly on the severity of ventriculomegaly and associated structural abnormalities. This article aims to review the literature about various aspects of fetal ventriculomegaly.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to summarize current literature related to imaging of intra-abdominal genitourinary tumors diagnosed in the prenatal or neonatal period. Our specific interests included modalities used, diagnoses made, changing incidence of tumor detection, and proposed future uses of these imaging modalities.
RESULTS: Fetal and neonatal MRI have been used as an adjunct to ultrasound for better characterization and assessment of congenital mesoblastic nephroma, juvenile granulosa cell tumor, and other tumors. Despite recent literature describing fetal and neonatal MRI, it is not yet possible to determine whether its use is changing the incidence of tumor detection. Improvements in imaging technology, specifically the use of fetal MRI, have allowed for earlier identification of genitourinary masses with improved capability for diagnosis, surveillance, surgical planning, and sometimes prenatal treatment of the malignancy and related diagnoses, with a goal of preventing pregnancy and delivery complications.

Retinoblastoma is the prototypic genetic tumor. Caused by mutations in the RB1 gene, retinoblastomas are heritable in 40% of the cases and, in such cases, tumors are bilateral in 80%, unilateral in 15%, and trilateral in 5% of the cases. Trilateral retinoblastoma is a term that describes bilateral retinoblastomas plus a midline suprasellar or pineal neuroectodermal tumor. Patients with a germline RB1 mutation have 45% chance of having an offspring with retinoblastoma. Prenatal diagnosis is important because the doubling time is fast, ranging from 7 to 15 days. Thus, late diagnosis during infancy is associated with larger tumors and increased risk of death, need for globe enucleation and vision loss. We report a case of bilateral retinoblastomas diagnosed by targeted high-resolution ultrasonography of the orbits at 32 weeks of gestation in a patient at risk. This report demonstrates the feasibility of accurately detecting even tiny retinoblastomas by ultrasound with current technology. We also review prenatally published cases to date and comment on the technical strengths and limitations of ultrasound and fetal MRI for prenatal diagnosis of retinoblastomas.

Postnatal outcome in fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) varies from asymptomatic infection to severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Αntenatal biomarkers of long-term clinical outcome, have yet to be established. Α systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to examine whether prenatal cerebral ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in cCMV fetuses may predict clinical outcome.
PubMed and the Web of Science were systematically searched to identify studies reporting on any prenatal US and/or MRI imaging of fetuses with cCMV as well as their postnatal clinical outcome. All reported associations between imaging and postnatal clinical outcome were systematically extracted. Where appropriate, the reported associations were quantitatively synthesized within Bayesian random-effects meta-analyses.
A total of 1336 studies were screened to identify 26 eligible observational studies. Overall, 4181 fetuses were studied, of which 1518 had been diagnosed with cCMV. All studies performed fetal US while in 14 (54%) MRI was also performed. Studies substantially varied in timing of fetal imaging, reporting of abnormalities, definition of poor outcome and statistical analysis. Among studies reporting on statistical significance, 6/6 for US and 3/4 for MRI identified significant associations between imaging findings and outcome. In our meta-analyses, within isolated abnormalities, only microcephaly had greater than 95% probability of being associated with poor outcome (OR 26.7; 95% CI, 1.44-1464.5; I2, 19%). Effect sizes for US were higher than those for MRI findings.
Although studies displayed significant heterogeneity in both methodology and analytical decisions, it became evident that when both prenatal cerebral US and MRI are normal the negative predictive value of poor outcome is high. This is important for clinicians when consulting pregnant women. Need to standardize practices and definitions become evident.
There was no source of funding.

Craniofacial duplication is a rare congenital anomaly. A case of hemi-mandibular duplication with an accessory oral cavity is presented with along with first-time reported pre- and postnatal MRI, surgical approach and a literature review. MRI clearly depicts the ectopic tooth buds and parotid aplasia in this condition, features that are diagnostic of partial facial duplication. MRI is diagnostic for this condition and can be useful to avoid misdiagnosis of a facial mass.

Congenital brain tumors (CBTs) are extremely rare and account for only 0.5%-1.9% of all pediatric brain tumors. Medulloepithelioma is one of the rare tumors with an incidence of about 1% among all CBTs with a very dismal prognosis and typically diagnosed at the median age of 24 months. The objective is reporting medulloepithelioma presenting in the intrauterine period with very few prior cases being reported in the prenatal period, and to add to the limited existing literature on medulloepithelioma. We present a rare case of medulloepithelioma referred to us in the antenatal period at 27 weeks and subsequently causing intrauterine fetal demise. Prenatal MRI of the fetal brain and postnatal histopathological findings on autopsy were suggestive of intracranial medulloepithelioma.