目前,生物炭在土壤改良中具有很大的应用潜力,污染修复,碳封存和减排,生物炭对土壤生态和环境的影响研究取得了积极进展。然而,在自然和人为扰动下,生物炭可能发生迁移转化等一系列环境行为,矿化和分解,和协同运输,从而带来一定的潜在风险。本文概述了生物炭在“空气-土壤-植物-动物-水”中的多界面迁移途径,并在准备过程中分析了不同接口的迁移过程和机制,生物炭的运输和应用。描述了生物炭矿化过程的两个阶段(早期容易降解的脂肪族碳组分的矿化和后期相对稳定的芳香族碳组分的矿化),分析了生物炭矿化的自身影响因素和外部环境因素,阐明了生物炭在土壤中的矿物稳定机理和正/负激发效应。分析了生物炭田间自然老化与人工模拟老化的接近程度,其性质的变化呈现出生物老化>化学老化>物理老化>自然老化的趋势,为了提高模拟和预测能力,人工模拟的老龄化方需要从定性方法转变为定量方法。技术优势,比较了不同生物炭改性方法的适用范围和潜在的弊端,生物改性可以创造新材料,增强环境应用。比较了改性生物炭的稳定性能,表明原材料,热解温度和改性方法是影响生物炭稳定性的关键因素。总结了生物炭携带的不同污染物对土壤环境的潜在风险,强调了土壤环境中生物炭释放的污染物水平,并根据评价要求提出了综合选择生态风险评价方法,数据采集和操作困难。迁移分解行为的动态跟踪,污染修复效果的长期评估,改性复合生物炭材料的定向设计是值得关注的科学问题。研究结果可为生物炭的理论研究和技术开发提供一定的参考依据。
At present, biochar has a large application potential in soil amelioration, pollution remediation, carbon sequestration and emission reduction, and research on the effect of biochar on soil
ecology and environment has made positive progress. However, under natural and anthropogenic perturbations, biochar may undergo a series of environmental behaviors such as migratory transformation, mineralization and decomposition, and synergistic transport, thus posing certain potential risks. This paper outlines the multi-interfacial migration pathway of biochar in \"air-soil-plant-animal-water\", and analyzes the migration process and mechanism at different interfaces during the preparation, transportation and application of biochar. The two stages of the biochar mineralization process (mineralization of easily degradable aliphatic carbon components in the early stage and mineralization of relatively stable aromatic carbon components in the later stage) were described, the self-influencing factors and external environmental factors of biochar mineralization were analyzed, and the mineral stabilization mechanism and positive/negative excitation effects of biochar into the soil were elucidated. The proximity between field natural and artificially simulated aging of biochar were analyzed, and the change of its properties showed a trend of biological aging > chemical aging > physical aging > natural aging, and in order to improve the simulation and prediction, the artificially simulated aging party needs to be changed from a qualitative method to a quantitative method. The technical advantages, application scope and potential drawbacks of different biochar modification methods were compared, and biological modification can create new materials with enhanced environmental application. The stability performance of modified biochar was compared, indicating that raw materials, pyrolysis temperature and modification method were the key factors affecting the stability of biochar. The potential risks to the soil environment from different pollutants carried by biochar were summarized, the levels of pollutants released from biochar in the soil environment were highlighted, and a comprehensive selection of ecological risk assessment methods was suggested in terms of evaluation requirements, data acquisition and operation difficulty. Dynamic tracing of migration decomposition behavior, long-term assessment of pollution remediation effects, and directional design of modified composite biochar materials were proposed as scientific issues worthy of focused attention. The results can provide a certain reference basis for the theoretical research and technological development of biochar.