纳米颗粒(NPs)由于其潜在的健康风险和环境影响,在饮用水中引起了极大的关注。这篇综述提供了对饮用水中NP来源和污染的当前理解的全面分析,关注健康问题,缓解策略,监管框架,和未来的前景。这篇综述强调了纳米特异性途径的重要性,命运的过程,健康风险和毒性,以及需要进行现实的毒性评估。不同的NP像二氧化钛,银,纳米塑料,纳米液晶单体,氧化铜,和其他人通过摄入构成潜在的健康风险,吸入,或者皮肤暴露,影响器官并可能导致氧化应激,炎症反应,DNA损伤,细胞毒性,破坏细胞内的能量机制,活性氧的产生,呼吸和免疫毒性,和人类的遗传毒性。利用案例研究和文献综述,我们调查了淡水环境中与NP相关的健康风险,强调它们与饮用水质量的相关性。各种缓解和治疗策略,包括过滤系统(例如,反渗透,超/纳滤),吸附过程,混凝/絮凝,电凝法,高级氧化工艺,膜蒸馏,紫外线处理,所有这些都证明了对饮用水中NPs的高去除效率。生产的监管框架和挑战,应用程序,并讨论了在国家和国际层面处置NPs的问题,强调需要有针对性的法规来解决NP污染和标准化安全测试和风险评估实践。展望未来,这篇综述强调了推进检测方法和基于纳米材料的治疗技术的必要性,同时强调了公众意识和量身定制的监管准则在维护饮用水质量标准方面的关键作用。这篇综述强调了解决饮用水中NP污染的紧迫性,并提供了对潜在解决方案和未来研究方向的见解。最后,这篇综述值得总结,并提出了有关NP检测的先进分析技术和敏感传感器的未来建议,以保障公众健康和政策实施.
Nanoparticles (NPs) pose a significant concern in drinking water due to their potential health risks and environmental impact. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current understanding of NP sources and contamination in drinking water, focusing on health concerns, mitigation strategies, regulatory frameworks, and future perspectives. This review highlights the importance of nano-specific pathways, fate processes, health risks & toxicity, and the need for realistic toxicity assessments. Different NPs like titanium dioxide, silver, nanoplastics, nanoscale liquid crystal monomers, copper oxide, and others pose potential health risks through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure, impacting organs and potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, DNA damage, cytotoxicity, disrupt intracellular energetic mechanisms, reactive oxygen species generation, respiratory and immune toxicity, and genotoxicity in humans. Utilizing case studies and literature reviews, we investigate the health risks associated with NPs in freshwater environments, emphasizing their relevance to drinking water quality. Various mitigation and treatment strategies, including filtration systems (e.g., reverse osmosis, and ultra/nano-filtration), adsorption processes, coagulation/flocculation, electrocoagulation, advanced oxidation processes, membrane distillation, and ultraviolet treatment, all of which demonstrate high removal efficiencies for NPs from drinking water. Regulatory frameworks and challenges for the production, applications, and disposal of NPs at both national and international levels are discussed, emphasizing the need for tailored regulations to address NP contamination and standardize safety testing and risk assessment practices. Looking ahead, this review underscores the necessity of advancing detection methods and nanomaterial-based treatment technologies while stressing the pivotal role of public awareness and tailored regulatory guidelines in upholding drinking water quality standards. This review emphasizes the urgency of addressing NP contamination in drinking water and provides insights into potential solutions and future research directions. Lastly, this review worth concluded with future recommendations on advanced analytical techniques and sensitive sensors for NP detection for safeguarding public health and policy implementations.