Pain is a widespread and troubling clinical and social problem with important effects on society and individuals. The purpose is to assess the relationship between pain and eating behavior, macro-micronutrient intake, and dietary inflammation index. The study was carried with a total of 80 patients, consisting of 40 patients diagnosed with pain and 40 patients not diagnosed with pain, who applied to a private hospital in Istanbul as outpatients with a questionnaire face-to-face consisting of questions about sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, pain-related information, Eating Attitude Test (EAT-19), and 24-hour food consumption record. The statistical analysis of the data was conducted with SPSS v27 package program. People who had pain had higher levels of disrupted eating attitudes than those who did not have pain. The \"Bulimia\" subfactor mean score of the EAT-19 was higher in those with pain (P < .05). No difference was found between the case-control groups regarding the mean dietary inflammation index (DII) score and energy, macro- and micronutrient consumption values (P > .05). No difference was detected between the case-control groups with disrupted eating attitudes regarding the median DII score (P > .05). The median DII score was significantly higher in individuals with pain and normal eating attitudes than in those without pain and with disrupted eating attitudes (P < .05). There is a relationship between pain, eating attitudes, and DII, the median DII score of those who had pain and had normal eating attitudes was higher.

BACKGROUND: Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis (HT) is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased reactive oxygen species. Diets rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may be linked to a reduced risk of developing HT. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) with HT in Iranian adults.
METHODS: The study was a hospital-based case-control study conducted on 230 participants (115 cases and 115 controls). Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ data were used to calculate DII and DTAC scores. Anthropometric measurements, thyroid function, and antibody tests were evaluated using standard methods. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed in both raw and adjusted models to determine the association between DII and DTAC scores with HT.
RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 39.76 ± 9.52 years. The mean body mass index in the case and control groups was 28.03 ± 6.32 and 26.43 ± 5.13 (kg/m2), respectively (P = 0.036). In the HT group, the DII level was higher (P < 0.001) and the DTAC level was lower than those in the healthy group (P = 0.047). In the multivariable logistic regression model, after adjusting for confounding factors, subjects in the last tertile of DII had a nonsignificantly higher HT risk than those in the first tertile (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 0.83-3.65; P = 0.130). Regarding DTAC, the subjects in the last tertile of DTAC had a significantly decreased risk of HT (OR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.23-0.98; P = 0.043) compared to those in the first tertile. The DII had a positive correlation with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin antibodies (TG-Ab) and thyroid-stimulating hormone, while DTAC had a negative correlation with anti-TPO and TG-Ab (P < 0.050).
CONCLUSIONS: The increase in DII is not associated with an increase in the risk of HT, while DTAC can significantly reduce its risk. Having an anti-inflammatory and antioxidative diet can be effective in improving thyroid function. These conclusions should be confirmed in additional prospective studies.

BACKGROUND: By studying the dietary habits of patients with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and the controls, we aim to find out whether the dietary intakes of phytochemicals could reduce the odds of BV. To the best of our knowledge, no study has ever examined the matter before. Therefore, we decided to conduct this secondary analysis of case-control study to examine the association between dietary phytochemicals and BV.
METHODS: This case-control study was conducted at the gynecological clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital using a convenience sampling method from November 2020 to June 2021. To diagnose BV, all participants underwent examination by a gynecologist, assessing the presence of 3 or 4 criteria from the Amsel criteria. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used. The phytochemical index was determined using McCarty\'s method. To assess the association between dietary phytochemical intake and the odds of BV, binary logistic regression was utilized.
RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, the association between phytochemical index and BV remained significant (odds ratio (OR) = 0.349, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.176-0.695, p-value = 0.003). Furthermore, each unit increase in fat intake was associated with higher odds of BV (OR = 1.008, 95% CI: 1.002-1.014, p-value = 0.006), and a positive family history of BV continued to show significantly increased odds of BV (OR = 3.442, 95% CI: 2.068-5.728, p-value < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the findings of this study indicate that increased consumption of dietary phytochemicals is associated with a reduced risk of BV among Iranian women of reproductive age. Additional research, especially longitudinal dietary studies, is required to explore the potential impact of dietary modifications on BV.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\'s disease (CD), is a complex disease with increasing global incidence and prevalence. Although dairy consumption has been linked to various chronic diseases, its relationship with IBD remains uncertain. Additionally, there is a lack of data on this topic from Arab countries. This study aimed to investigate the association between dairy consumption and IBD through a case-control study among Arab populations, followed by a meta-analysis of available studies.
METHODS: First, we used data from 158 UC patients, 244 CD patients, and 395 controls attending a polyclinic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All participants were aged ≥ 18 years. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of UC and CD for individuals who reported the highest versus the lowest frequencies of dairy consumption. Next, we conducted a meta-analysis, combining our results with those from other eligible studies after searching several databases. We used the I2 statistics to examine statistical heterogeneity across studies and the regression test for funnel plot asymmetry to assess publication bias.
RESULTS: The case-control study showed a negative association between frequent dairy consumption and UC (OR (95% CI) = 0.64 (0.41, 1.00)) but not CD (OR (95% CI) = 0.97 (0.65, 1.45)). In the meta-analysis, the highest frequencies of dairy consumption were negatively associated with both UC and CD: ORs (95% CIs) = 0.82 (0.68, 0.98) and 0.72 (0.59, 0.87), respectively. A moderate heterogeneity across studies was noticed in the UC meta-analysis (I2 = 59.58%) and the CD meta-analysis (I2 = 41.16%). No publication bias was detected.
CONCLUSIONS: Frequent dairy consumption could protect against the development of UC and CD, suggesting potential dietary recommendations in the context of IBD prevention.

UNASSIGNED: Proper nutrition is a crucial factor in preventing osteoporosis, a significant pathological cause linked to skeletal weakness; this study investigated the relationship between dietary diversity score and food group diversity score with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
UNASSIGNED: This case-control study was conducted on 378 menopausal women aged 45-85 in Tehran, Iran. The age-matching method to control the confounding effect of age was used. The method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used for assessing the bone mineral density of lumbar vertebrae and femoral neck. The bone mass status was evaluated with WHO criteria. All subjects were divided into the osteoporosis group and the non-osteoporosis group according to their T-score. A convenience sampling method was utilized to select the participants, which included two groups: case (n = 189) and control (n = 189). Data was collected using demographic and anthropometric information questionnaires, a valid 147 item food frequency questionnaire, and a physical activity questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS-26, and p-values less than 0.05 were deemed to be statistically significant.
UNASSIGNED: The results indicated significant differences in weight, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use between the two groups. The mean ± standard deviation of dietary diversity score (DDS) was lower in participants with osteoporosis (case) (3.31 ± 1.26) than in control (4.64 ± 1.33) (p < 0.001). The mean ± standard deviation of diversity score of cereals, fruits, and vegetables in the osteoporosis group (respectively: 0.71 ± 0.21, 0.94 ± 0.76, and 0.45 ± 0.44) was less than the control group (respectively: 0.80 ± 0.21, 1.64 ± 0.55 and 0.87 ± 0.42) (p < 0.001). After adjusting the confounding variables, the risk of osteoporosis had an inverse relationship with the diversity score of vegetable (OR = 0.16; 95%CI: 0.07-0.35), bread and cereal (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05-0.87) and fruit (OR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.22-0.56) (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, no discernible correlation was seen between the tertiles of DDS, dairy and meat diversity score, and osteoporosis.
UNASSIGNED: We found a correlation between the diversity score of fruits, vegetables, and grains and osteoporosis. However, there is no significant correlation between the DDS triads and the diversity score of dairy products and meats with osteoporosis.

This research examines animal teeth from Early Dynastic (2900-2350 BCE) Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq) to assess animal management practices and identify consumption patterns in animal diets. The objective to answer larger questions about food management and environmental resilience in ancient early complex societies in the Near East was achieved by the use of mass spectrometry-based proteomics for dietary reconstruction. Dietary MS, a revolutionary new methodology applying proteomics techniques to archeological sample sets to reconstruct ancient animal diet. A developed protein extraction technique followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry allowed for the identification of the specific plant species consumed in order to highlight variable herd management strategies, resource optimization, for each taxon over time. It also provided information about overall health and indications of disease. This is the first study to apply a full suite of analyses to the region and provides the foundations of a necessary long-term view of human interaction within an environment, through both time and space.

BACKGROUND: Dietary potassium can play an important role in decreasing inflammatory factors as a protective factor for cancers. In this case-control study, we aimed to assess the possible association between dietary potassium intake and the risk of breast cancer (BC) among Iranian adult women.
METHODS: The present case-control study was conducted at Shohada and Imam Hossain hospitals, in Tehran. The study included 134 newly diagnosed cases of BC and 267 controls. A validated semi-quantitative 168-item food frequency questionnaire was used to compute the potassium intake. Logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders, was used to estimate odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) of BC according to tertiles of potassium intake.
RESULTS: The mean(M) ± standard deviation(SD) of age and body mass index (BMI) were 47.9 ± 10.3 years and 29.4 ± 5.5 kg/m2, respectively. Also, the M ± SD of potassium intake for the control and case groups was 1616 ± 293 and 1542 ± 338 (mg/1000 Kcal), respectively. In the multivariable-adjusted model for potential confounders, the higher total potassium intake was associated with decreased odds of BC (OR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.19-0.62, P for trend < 0.001). Moreover, an inverse relationship was observed between potassium from plant sources (OR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.22-0.69, P for trend = 0.001) and fruit and vegetable sources (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.28-0.87, P for trend = 0.016) and odds of BC.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that diet rich in potassium may have a predictive role to reduce the odds of BC.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are increasing around the world, especially in Western countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the health habits of healthy controls and individuals with IBDs to identify possible risk factors for IBD development.
METHODS: A case-control study was conducted among Spanish participants over 18 years of age. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by subjects to collect information on several sociodemographic variables and habits, such as the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and macronutrients; anxiety and depression; and quality of life.
RESULTS: The main risk factors identified were age; living in an urban environment; anxiety; and excessive consumption of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. In addition, the consumption of fibre had a preventive effect against IBD development.
CONCLUSIONS: Age, anxiety and living in urban areas pose a risk of suffering from IBD, as does the excessive consumption of certain macronutrients. However, the consumption of fibre has a protective effect on the development of some IBD types.

Health, environmental, and animal advocacy organisations emphasise reducing or eliminating high meat consumption due to its adverse effects on health, sustainability, climate change, and animal welfare. Increasingly, people are deciding to reduce their meat consumption frequency. Our study aimed to examine predictors of meat reduction among Slovenian consumers, focusing on gender, age, partner and children status, size of residential settlement, socioeconomic status, and political orientation. We conducted a survey using non-probability sampling. We examined demographic, socioeconomic, and political predictors of individuals\' self-assessed intent to reduce meat consumption in the month following the survey. Additionally, we analysed respondents\' meat reduction during the three years prior. A correlation analysis revealed that higher age and education levels were significantly positively correlated with meat reduction patterns. An ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that age was the only significant predictor of meat reduction intentions and past behaviour. Our findings suggest that middle-aged and elderly individuals are more likely than younger adults to report meat reduction behaviours. Future public health interventions should tailor approaches to different age groups, and, in particular, target younger individuals. Educational campaigns should highlight the health and environmental benefits of reducing meat and animal product consumption, particularly in primary and secondary schools.

OBJECTIVE: Healthy diets and diets rich in phytochemicals can have health-promoting benefits in prostate cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the possible association between Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) and Phytochemical Index (PI) with prostate cancer odds ratio.
METHODS: This is a case-control study conducted in Shiraz, Iran, involving 62 newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases and 63 hospital-based controls. The study collected demographic and anthropometric data, as well as dietary intake information via a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the association between HDI and PI with prostate cancer.
RESULTS: The study included 120 participants and found that individuals with higher HDI and PI scores had a lower odds ratio of prostate cancer (HDI: odds ratio (OR): 0.322 - confidence interval (CI) 95%: 0.14-0.700 - PI: OR: 0.426 - CI 95%: 0.204-0.888). After adjusting for potential confounders, a lower odds ratio of prostate cancer was observed specifically among those with higher HDI scores (OR: 0.376 - CI 95%: 0.163-0.868).
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study suggest that adopting healthier dietary habits rich in dietary phytochemicals could be effective in preventing and halting the progression of prostate cancer.