Focal liver lesions (FLLs) have become an increasingly common finding on abdominal imaging, especially asymptomatic and incidental liver lesions. Gastroenterologists and hepatologists often see these patients in consultation and make recommendations for management of multiple types of liver lesions, including hepatocellular adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hemangioma, and hepatic cystic lesions including polycystic liver disease. Malignancy is important to consider in the differential diagnosis of FLLs, and healthcare providers must be familiar with the diagnosis and management of FLLs. This American College of Gastroenterology practice guideline uses the best evidence available to make diagnosis and management recommendations for the most common FLLs.

青春期异常子宫出血（AUB）以排卵功能障碍所致AUB（AUB-O）及凝血相关疾病所致AUB（AUB-C）最为常见。青春期AUB的出血模式主要为不规则出血、经期延长、月经过多（HMB）、经间期出血及无月经。本共识强调通过详细的病史询问、体格检查和辅助检查对AUB病因进行鉴别诊断。对于出现急性HMB的青春期女性进行评估时，应及时、准确判断出血严重程度及生命体征，并进行分级处理，评估应包括失血导致的贫血程度、血清铁蛋白水平、是否存在内分泌紊乱及凝血功能异常。对于急性HMB的青春期女性首要治疗方法包括短效口服避孕药及孕激素为主的药物紧急止血，但对于足量、规范用药治疗失败的部分难治性AUB患者，可以予手术治疗或子宫内膜病理评估。鉴于青春期AUB-O患者很难在短期内建立规律的月经周期、AUB-C患者长期存在HMB，均需要在急性期止血后维持用药以长期管理月经，避免异常出血的反复发作，并注意随访和监测。本共识还在附录中针对出血性疾病、青春期多囊卵巢综合征和下丘脑功能障碍进行了有针对性的简要论述。.

雄激素不敏感综合征（AIS）是46，XY性发育异常疾病常见病因之一，根据雄激素受体功能的缺陷程度可分为完全型、部分型及轻微型。儿童AIS的内分泌学特征为持续性雄激素抵抗，其临床管理的核心在于性别认同，改善青春期性发育特征。现以国内外研究为基础，结合国内专家的临床诊疗经验，在AIS的遗传学分子机制、临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断、抚养性别评估、肿瘤风险、内分泌激素及外科手术治疗时机、长期预后等方面形成系统、全面的诊断和治疗专家共识，为儿科医师提供规范的临床诊治指导。.

Full-thickness macular holes (FTMH) usually result in a pronounced reduction of visual acuity and represent one of the most frequent indications for retinal surgery. If diagnosed and treatment is initiated at an early stage, surgery has a high success rate with respect to both hole closure and improvement of visual acuity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based staging and sizing enables an estimation of the surgical outcome. The differential diagnostic distinction from clinically similar disorders, such as lamellar macular holes, macular pseudoholes, and foveoschisis is clinically relevant as the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment are significantly different. While vitrectomy with peeling of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) and gas tamponade is established as the standard treatment for FTMH, some aspects of treatment are handled differently between surgeons, such as the timing of surgery, the choice of endotamponade and the type and duration of postoperative positioning. For FTMH associated with vitreomacular traction, alternative treatment options in addition to vitrectomy include intravitreal ocriplasmin injection and pneumatic vitreolysis. The current clinical guidelines of the German ophthalmological societies summarize the evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of FTMH.
UNASSIGNED: Das Makulaforamen führt in der Regel zu einer ausgeprägten Visusminderung und stellt eine der häufigsten Indikationen für eine netzhautchirurgische Behandlung dar. Bei frühzeitiger Diagnosestellung und Therapieeinleitung hat die Netzhautchirurgie eine sehr hohe Erfolgsrate sowohl in Bezug auf den Foramenverschluss als auch die Visusbesserung. Die Stadien- und Größeneinteilung mittels optischer Kohärenztomographie (OCT) ermöglicht eine Abschätzung des chirurgischen Ergebnisses. Die differenzialdiagnostische Abgrenzung gegenüber klinisch ähnlichen Krankheitsbildern wie Makulaschichtforamen, Pseudoforamen und Foveoschisis ist relevant, da sich Pathogenese, Prognose und Therapie deutlich unterscheiden. Während die Vitrektomie mit Peeling der inneren Grenzmembran (ILM) und Gastamponade als Standardtherapieverfahren des Makulaforamens etabliert ist, werden einzelne Aspekte der Behandlung wie der Zeitpunkt der Operation, die Wahl der Endotamponade und die Art und Dauer der postoperativen Lagerung unterschiedlich gehandhabt. Bei Assoziation mit einer vitreomakulären Traktion werden neben der Vitrektomie auch alternative Behandlungsoptionen wie die intravitreale Ocriplasmin-Injektion und die pneumatische Vitreolyse diskutiert. In einer aktuellen S1-Leitlinie der deutschen ophthalmologischen Fachgesellschaften werden evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie des Makulaforamens zusammengefasst.

OBJECTIVE: The neck region is a common site for solitary cystic neck mass (SCNM) of various etiologies, including congenital, inflammatory, and neoplastic. In adults, the primary focus is excluding malignancy. The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze the accuracy of available diagnostic technologies for the differentiation of benign and malignant SCNM in adult patients. The study aimed to develop new clinical practice guidelines for evaluating and managing SCNM.
METHODS: The primary predictive variables were the diagnostic utilities of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), ultrasound (U/S), multislice computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The study\'s endpoint was the overall diagnostic accuracy in differentiating between benign and malignant SCNM. The final diagnosis was based on histopathology.
RESULTS: The study included 79 adult patients: 55 (69.62%) male and 24 (30.38%) female ( P <0.05). The mean age at presentation was 42.1 years (range: 18-84 years). Solitary cystic neck mass was distributed in the anterior neck region in 30 (37.97%) patients and the posterolateral neck regions in 49 (62.03%) patients ( P <0.05). The posterolateral neck regions had a significantly higher rate of malignant SCNM than the anterior neck region [19/49 (38.78%) versus 1/30 (3.33%)] ( P <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the U/S+FNAC and U/S+FNAC+multislice computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging groups in differentiating benign and malignant SCNM (40/42 versus 36/37, P >0.05). \"Violated neck\" was recorded in 2 cases.
CONCLUSIONS: A systematic investigation protocol should be applied to evaluate adult patients with SCNM.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a special type of malignant plasmacytosis, which is complex and heterogeneous. Most EMP patients have poor prognosis and lack a stratified prognostic system or ideal treatment strategy supported by evidence-based medical evidence, which cannot meet clinical needs. In order to improve the understanding of this disease entity, Plasma Cell Disease Group, Chinese Society of Hematology, Chinese Medical Association and Chinese Myeloma Committee-Chinese Hematology Association developed the \"Chinese Expert Consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of extramedullary plasmacytoma\", which aims to standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of EMP and ultimately improve the overall survival of patients with plasmacytoma.
髓外浆细胞瘤（extramedullary plasmacytoma, EMP）是恶性浆细胞病的一种特殊类型，表现复杂、异质性强。大部分EMP预后差，缺乏循证医学证据支持下的预后分层系统和理想的治疗策略，无法满足临床需求。为提高对这类疾病的认识，中华医学会血液学分会浆细胞疾病学组和中国医师协会多发性骨髓瘤专业委员会编写《中国髓外浆细胞瘤诊断与治疗专家共识》，旨在规范EMP的临床诊治，最终改善浆细胞瘤患者的总体生存。.

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The term \'sclerosing diseases of the skin\' comprises specific dermatological entities, which have fibrotic changes of the skin in common. These diseases mostly manifest in different clinical subtypes according to cutaneous and extracutaneous involvement and can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from each other. The present consensus provides an update to the 2017 European Dermatology Forum Guidelines, focusing on characteristic clinical and histopathological features, diagnostic scores and the serum autoantibodies most useful for differential diagnosis. In addition, updated strategies for the first- and advanced-line therapy of sclerosing skin diseases are addressed in detail. Part 1 of this consensus provides clinicians with an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of localized scleroderma (morphea), and systemic sclerosis including overlap syndromes.

The term \'sclerosing diseases of the skin\' comprises specific dermatological entities, which have fibrotic changes of the skin in common. These diseases mostly manifest in different clinical subtypes according to cutaneous and extracutaneous involvement and can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from each other. The present consensus provides an update to the 2017 European Dermatology Forum Guidelines, focusing on characteristic clinical and histopathological features, diagnostic scores and the serum autoantibodies most useful for differential diagnosis. In addition, updated strategies for the first- and advanced-line therapy of sclerosing skin diseases are addressed in detail. Part 2 of this consensus provides clinicians with an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of scleromyxoedema and scleroedema (of Buschke).