UNASSIGNED: The clinical management of Child sexual abuse (CSA) demands specialised skills from healthcare professionals due to its sensitivity, legal implications, and serious physical health and mental health effects. Standardised, comprehensive clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) may be pivotal. In this systematic review, we examined existing CSA national CPGs (NCPGs) from European countries to assess their quality and reporting.
UNASSIGNED: We systematically searched six international databases and multiple grey literature sources, reporting by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Eligible guidelines were CSA guidance from national health agencies or societies in 34 COST Action 19106 Network Countries (CANC), published between January 2012 and November 2022. Two independent researchers searched, screened, reviewed, and extracted data. NCPGs were compared for completeness with reference WHO 2017 and 2019 guidelines. We used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) to appraise quality and reporting. PROSPERO: CRD42022320747.
UNASSIGNED: Of 2919 records identified by database searches, none met inclusion criteria. Of 4714 records identified by other methods, 24 NCPGs from 17 (50%) of CANC countries were included. In 17 (50%) of eligible countries, no NCPGs were found. Content varied significantly within and between countries. NCPGs lacked many components in state-of-the art clinical practice compared to WHO reference standards, particularly in safety and risk assessment, interactions with caregivers, and mental health interventions. Appraisal by AGREE II revealed shortcomings in NCPG development, regarding scientific rigour, stakeholder involvement, implementation and evaluation.
UNASSIGNED: A notable number of European countries lack an NCPG; existing NCPGs often fall short. The healthcare response to CSA in Europe requires a coordinated approach to develop and implement high-quality CPGs. We advocate for a multidisciplinary team to develop a pan-European CSA guideline to ensure quality care for survivors.
UNASSIGNED: Funding was provided by the International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children.

The term Medical Child Abuse (MCA) describes a form of child abuse in which the medical system is \"abused\" by carrying out unnecessary medical procedures on a child. This abuse of the medical system occurs through misrepresentation, non-disclosure, fabrication, misinterpretation or active causation of symptoms by a parent. In this article, the construct ofmedical child abuse is defined and predisposing and motivational factors are examined. It also provides an overview of terms that are used synonymously or comparably in the literature and discusses the connection between MCA and Munchausen-by-proxy-syndrome.The core of the article is the presentation of an internal guideline, which was created by the interdisciplinary working group on MCA of the Clinics for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, the Child Protection Outpatient Clinic and the Social Services at the Charité. It also outlines possible interventions.
Zusammenfassung Der Begriff Medical Child Abuse (MCA) beschreibt eine Form der Kindesmisshandlung, in der das medizinische System „missbraucht“ wird, indem nicht notwendige medizinische Maßnahmen an einem Kind vorgenommen werden. Zu diesem Missbrauch des medizinischen Systems kommt es durch Fehldarstellen, Verschweigen, Erfinden, Fehlinterpretieren oder aktives Verursachen der Symptomatik durch in der Regel einen Elternteil. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird das Konstrukt Medical Child Abuse definiert und es werden prädisponierende bzw. motivationale Faktoren beleuchtet. Außerdem erfolgt ein Überblick über Begriffe, welche in der Literatur synonym oder komparabel verwendet werden und der Zusammenhang zwischen MCA und dem Münchhausen-by-proxy-Syndrom wird erörtert. Das Kernstück des Beitrages ist die Vorstellung eines internen Leitfadens, welcher durch die interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe zu MCA der Kliniken für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, der Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, der Kinderschutzambulanz und des Sozialdienstes an der Charité erstellt worden ist. Außerdem erfolgt eine Skizzierung möglicher Interventionen.

Little knowledge exists on how evaluators in child custody and child maltreatment cases are informed by guidelines, the kinds of qualifications required and the types of training provided in different countries. The purpose of this paper is to provide an international preliminary comparison on how child custody and child maltreatment risk assessments are conducted in selected Western countries, and how the assessments are informed by best practice guidelines. Another aim is to increase knowledge on how the guidelines and best-practice standards could be developed further to reflect recent research findings. A total number of 18 guidelines were included in the analyses: four from Canada, five from the United States, three from the United Kingdom, three from the Netherlands, two from Finland, and one from Germany. We conducted a content analysis of the included guidelines in the database, focusing on how the guidelines address the best interest of the child criteria, guidelines for conducting the assessments, considerations for evaluative criteria, and specific guidance for conducting specific assessment procedures (e.g., interviews and observations). Findings show that the qualifications of and training provided to evaluators in child custody and child maltreatment risk evaluations are largely heterogeneous across the countries represented. Guidelines differ in whether and how they highlight the importance of evidence-based practices and scientifically validated assessment measures. Implications are drawn from the review and contextualized by international expert authors in the fields of forensic psychology, and family law. After the content analysis, discussion sessions within the expert group were held. The authors provide both commentaries and suggestions to improve the development of standard methods for conducting both child custody and child maltreatment risk evaluations and to consider a more transparent and judicious use of social science research to guide methods and the recommendations offered within these assessments.

Epidemiological surveys measuring the prevalence of child maltreatment generate essential knowledge that is required to enhance human rights, promote gender equality, and reduce child abuse and neglect and its effects. Yet, evidence suggests Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) may assess the risk of these studies using higher than normal thresholds, based on a perception they may cause high distress to participants. It is essential for IRBs and researchers to have an accurate understanding of the nature and extent of participant distress associated with these studies, and of the duties of researchers towards survey participants, so that meritorious research is endorsed and duties to participants discharged. Assessment by IRBs of the ethics of such research must be appropriately informed by scientific evidence, ethical principles, and legal requirements. This article adds to knowledge by considering participant distress in child maltreatment surveys and its appropriate ethical and operational treatment. We provide an updated overview of scientific evidence of the frequency and severity of distress in studies of child maltreatment, a review of ethical requirements including a focus on beneficence and participant welfare, and a new analysis of researchers\' legal duties towards participants. Our analyses demonstrate that participant distress is infrequent and transitory, that researchers can satisfy ethical requirements towards participants, and that legal liability does not extend to emotional distress. Informed by these bodies of knowledge, we distil key principles of good epidemiological practice to provide solutions to operational requirements in these surveys, which both fulfil ethical requirements to participants, and demonstrate trauma-informed practice.

Pregnancy and the birth of a child present particular challenges for adults with personal histories of childhood abuse or neglect. However, few prenatal interventions address the specific needs of this population. This research aims to determine a list of actions that should be achieved during group interventions designed for expectant parents who experienced childhood trauma.
Fifteen stakeholders representing nine different Quebec health care and community organizations that work with families and/or trauma survivors participated in a Delphi process in two rounds. In round 1, three project leaders identified, from clinical and empirical literature, a set of 36 actions relevant for expectant parents who experienced childhood trauma. Using an anonymized online survey, stakeholders coded how important they considered each action and whether they were already conducting similar interventions in their clinical setting. Stakeholders subsequently participated in a one-day in-person meeting during which they discussed the pertinence of each action, proposed new ones and refined them. This was followed by a second anonymized online survey (round 2). A consensus was reached among the stakeholders regarding a final list of 22 actions.
Two central clusters of actions emerged from the consultation process: actions aiming to support mentalization about self and parenthood, and actions aiming to support mentalization of trauma.
The Delphi process helped to identify what should be the core of a prenatal intervention targeting adults who experienced childhood trauma, from the viewpoint of professionals who will ultimately deliver such a program.
La grossesse et la naissance d’un enfant posent des défis particuliers aux adultes ayant été victimes d’abus ou de négligence durant leur enfance. Il existe cependant peu d’interventions prénatales adaptées aux besoins spécifiques de ces personnes. Cette recherche vise à identifier une liste d’actions à mettre en oeuvre dans le cadre d\'interventions de groupe destinées aux futurs parents ayant subi des traumatismes relationnels durant leur enfance.
Quinze intervenants représentant neuf organismes communautaires et de soins de santé du Québec travaillant auprès des familles ou des victimes de traumatismes ont participé à un processus de consultation Delphi à deux volets. Dans le premier volet, les trois chercheurs responsables du projet ont élaboré, en se fondant sur la littérature clinique et empirique, 36 actions pertinentes pour les futurs parents ayant subi des traumatismes durant leur enfance. Des intervenants ont ensuite participé à un sondage en ligne anonyme au cours duquel ils avaient à coder l’importance qu’ils accordaient à ces actions ainsi que la similitude entre ces dernières et les interventions pratiquées dans leur milieu clinique. Les intervenants ont ensuite pris part à une journée de consultation en personne, au cours de laquelle ils ont discuté de la pertinence des actions présentées, proposé de nouvelles actions et revu toutes les actions. Un second sondage anonyme a ensuite permis d’en arriver à un consensus sur une liste finale de 22 actions classées en fonction de leur pertinence.
Le processus de consultation a abouti à deux séries d’actions : une série visant à favoriser la mentalisation à propos de soi et de son rôle de parent et une série visant à favoriser la mentalisation à propos des traumas.
Le processus de consultation a abouti à deux séries d’actions : une série visant à favoriser la mentalisation à propos de soi et de son rôle de parent et une série visant à favoriser la mentalisation à propos des traumas.

OBJECTIVE: To develop guidelines for performing an initial skeletal survey (SS) for children <24 months of age presenting with bruising in the hospital setting, combining available evidence with expert opinion.
METHODS: Applying the Rand/UCLA Appropriateness Method, a multispecialty panel of 10 experts relied on evidence from the literature and their own clinical expertise in rating the appropriateness of performing SS for 198 clinical scenarios characterizing children <24 months old with bruising. After a moderated discussion of initial ratings, the scenarios were revised. Panelists re-rated SS appropriateness for 219 revised scenarios. For the 136 clinical scenarios in which SS was deemed appropriate, the panel finally assessed the necessity of SS.
RESULTS: Panelists agreed that SS is \"appropriate\" for 62% (136/219) of scenarios, and \"inappropriate\" for children ≥ 12 months old with nonpatterned bruising on bony prominences. Panelists agreed that SS is \"necessary\" for 95% (129/136) of the appropriate scenarios. SS was deemed necessary for infants <6 months old regardless of bruise location, with rare exceptions, but the necessity of SS in older children depends on bruise location. According to the panelists, bruising on the cheek, eye area, ear, neck, upper arm, upper leg, hand, foot, torso, buttock, or genital area necessitates SS in children <12 months.
CONCLUSIONS: The appropriateness and necessity of SS in children presenting for care to the hospital setting with bruising, as determined by a diverse panel of experts, depends on age of the child and location of bruising.

暂无摘要。

OBJECTIVE: To develop guidelines for performing initial skeletal survey (SS) in children <24 months old with fractures, based on available evidence and collective judgment of experts from diverse pediatric specialties.
METHODS: Following the Rand/UCLA Method, a multispecialty panel of 13 experts applied evidence from a literature review combined with their own expertise in rating the appropriateness of performing an SS for 525 clinical scenarios involving fractures in children <24 months old. After discussion on the initial ratings, panelists re-rated SS appropriateness for 240 revised scenarios and deemed that SSs were appropriate in 191 scenarios. The panelists then assessed in which of those 191 scenarios SSs were not only appropriate, but also necessary.
RESULTS: Panelists agreed that SS is \"appropriate\" for 191 (80%) of 240 scenarios rated and \"necessary\" for 175 (92%) of the appropriate scenarios. Skeletal survey is necessary if a fracture is attributed to abuse, domestic violence, or being hit by a toy. With few exceptions, SS is necessary in children without a history of trauma. In children <12 months old, SS is necessary regardless of the fracture type or reported history, with rare exceptions. In children 12 to 23 months old, the necessity of obtaining SS is dependent on fracture type.
CONCLUSIONS: A multispecialty panel reached agreement on multiple clinical scenarios for which initial SS is indicated in young children with fractures, allowing for synthesis of clinical guidelines with the potential to decrease disparities in care and increase detection of abuse.