毛霉菌病是一种真菌引起的真菌病,在陆地环境中大量发现。真菌通过有丝分裂孢子无性繁殖,通过空气传播给人类并引起表面或侵入性感染。该疾病近年来出现,通常与患者侧的免疫抑制相吻合。毛霉菌病在临床上仍然很少被发现,因为它的非特异性症状通常会引发细菌或病毒感染的误诊,导致治疗周期延长,并失去适当管理毛霉菌病的宝贵时间。受感染的患者会出现各种临床形式,最值得注意的是从鼻脑通过肺部到胃肠道形式。传统诊断基于受影响组织的培养和组织病理学检查。但是,实现精确的结果是耗时的,劳动密集型,需要真菌学的专业知识和发现往往显得为时已晚。快速和精确的诊断是强制性的,因为症状是非特异性的,并且疾病正在迅速发展,通常具有致命的结果。毛霉菌病与其他感染和潜在疾病以及引起合并症的危险因素越来越相关。很难成功管理。这篇小型综述总结了关于毛霉菌病流行病学和致病因子的最新知识,传输,危险因素,临床表现,诊断,并强调在病原体和宿主方面缺乏适当的生物标志物来进行快速病原体和宿主易感性检测,分别。人类宿主基因中的真菌抗原和单核苷酸多态性(SNP)可用于评估易感性。本小型综述基于对除毛霉菌以外的真菌病原体感染风险的预测,探讨了早期预测毛霉菌病易感性的可能性。毛霉菌病的早期预测和诊断这一主题代表了当前的研究空白,并强调了风险评估领域未来潜在发展的重要性。易感性预后与早期诊断相结合,以降低毛霉菌病患者的死亡率。
Mucormycosis is a fungal disease caused by members of the fungal order Mucorales, which are abundantly found in terrestrial environments. The fungi propagate clonally via mitospores, which are transmitted to humans through the air and cause superficial or invasive infections. The disease has emerged in recent years and coincides generally with immunosuppression on the patient side. Mucormycosis is still rarely recognized in the clinical because of its unspecific symptoms which often triggers misdiagnosis with bacterial or viral infections leading to prolonged therapeutic cycles and loss of valuable time to manage mucormycosis properly. Infected patients develop various clinical forms, most notably ranging from rhinocerebral via pulmonary to gastrointestinal forms. Traditional diagnosis is based on culture and histopathologic examinations of the affected tissue. But, the achievement of a precise result is time-consuming, labor-intensive, requires mycological expertise and the finding appears often too late. A rapid and precise diagnosis is mandatory because symptoms are non-specific and the disease is rapidly progressing with often fatal outcome. Mucormycosis was increasingly associated with other infections and underlying conditions and risk factors causing comorbidities, which are difficult to successfully manage. This mini-
review summarizes the current knowledge on the epidemiology and causative agents of mucormycosis, transmission, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and highlights the lack of appropriate biomarkers on the pathogen and the host sides for rapid pathogen and host susceptibility detection, respectively. Fungal antigens and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human host genes are useful for the assessment of susceptibility. This mini-
review addresses possibilities for early prediction of susceptibility to mucormycosis based on forecasting of the risk of infection with fungal pathogens other than Mucorales. The topic of early prediction and diagnosis of mucormycosis represents a current research gap and highlights the importance of potential future developments in the area of risk assessment, susceptibility prognosis in conjunction with early diagnosis to reduce mortality in patients suffering from mucormycosis.