Gender affirming treatment in transgender women is based on a combination of antiandrogens and estrogens, with the latter maintained over the long term. When prescribing these treatments, we must consider the possibility of developing estrogen-dependent breast cancer. In transgender women, a breast cancer incidence of 4.1 per 100,000 has been estimated, which would increase the risk by 46% in relation to cisgender men but decrease it by 70% in relation to cisgender women. It is known that certain gene mutations such as BRCA1 imply an increased risk of breast cancer, but at present the risk in transgender women with BRCA1 treated with estrogens is not well established. We present the case of a transgender woman with a family history of breast cancer and BRCA1 mutation and the therapeutic decisions made in a multidisciplinary team. Following this case, we review and discuss the published literature.

OBJECTIVE: Breast units led by nurse case managers are being implemented to provide comprehensive care in the detection and treatment of breast cancer. However, their implementation is heterogeneous and the results of the care process with this professional have not been studied. The aim of the study is to describe the management in time and the approach of the process by a nurse case manager in the breast unit of women with suspected breast cancer pathology, derived from the breast cancer screening program.
METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study carried out in 2021. Women treated in a breast unit managed by a nurse case manager in a hospital in southern Spain were included. Sociodemographic, clinical and care process characteristics were analysed RESULTS: A total of 118 women of Spanish nationality (92%) participated, with a mean age of 59 years. The diagnosis of malignancy was made in 74.6% of them. Seventy-nine percent of the women had their first visit within 3 days. The mean time to diagnosis was 3.98 days (SD: ±3.93), 4.2 weeks (SD: ±1.84) to initiate treatment and a total in-hospital time of 33 days (SD: ±13.45).
CONCLUSIONS: The management of nurse case managers in breast units contributes to improving or speeding up times, in accordance with international guidelines, helping this approach in the continuity of the care process for women referred after screening for breast cancer detection.

BACKGROUND: Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is defined by the formation of granulomatous inflammation in breast tissue. Erythema nodosum (EN) is a reactive inflammatory panniculitis characterized by erythematous subcutaneous nodules in the lower limbs. The association of GM with EN has been rarely reported. Our aim was to retrospectively review our series of patients with GM to better characterize their features and their association with EN.
METHODS: Cases histologically diagnosed as granulomatous inflammation in breast tissue between 1995 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed.
RESULTS: Forty-two women were diagnosed with GM. The average age at diagnosis was 41.619years, and 59.5% were of South-American ethnicity. EN was associated with GM in 11.9% of the patients. Patients with EN were diagnosed earlier than isolated GM (0.4months vs 6.81months; P<.05). Ulceration in the GM was more prevalent in patients with associated EN (60% vs 14.7%; P<.05).
CONCLUSIONS: EN in patients with GM may reduce the evolution time and may help to diagnose this rare condition that mimics breast carcinoma.

Las innovaciones técnicas han permitido realizar un sinnúmero de cirugías endoscópicas y laparoscópicas, entre ellas la mastectomía preservadora de piel y pezón por puerto único, que ha sido reportada como bien tolerada, con un excelente resultado cosmético y con el mismo pronóstico oncológico que la cirugía tradicional. Esta técnica, común en Asia, presenta diversos retos técnicos y económicos. Presentamos la primera aproximación en nuestro país sobre este abordaje en una paciente con cáncer de mama. Para realizar esta cirugía es preciso el entrenamiento en mínima invasión y en cirugía mamaria, así como una adecuada selección de las pacientes.
Technical innovations and scientific advances have allowed to perform countless endoscopic and laparoscopic surgical procedures. Among these, Single port endoscopic Mastectomy has been reported as well tolerated, with great aesthetic results and the same oncologic prognosis as traditional surgery. This popular approach in Asian countries presents many technical and economic challenges. We present the first endoscopic approach in our country: a female patient with infiltrating ductal carcinoma in the left breast. We understand that to carry out this procedure, adequate patient selection, great minimal invasive and breast surgery skills are necessary.

UNASSIGNED: Las metástasis de mama a uréter son extremadamente raras y la mayoría son asintomáticas.
UNASSIGNED: Mujer de 67 años, con cáncer de mama derecha EC IA luminal A de 5 años de evolución. Presentó infección de vías urinarias de repetición, hematuria macroscópica total y dolor renal derecho. La tomografía abdominopélvica mostró dilatación del cáliz superior y defecto de llenado en la pelvis renal derechos. Se le realizó nefroureterectomía radical derecha, rodete vesical. El reporte histopatológico fue metástasis de carcinoma infiltrante con afectación de pelvis renal y uréter.
UNASSIGNED: La metástasis tardía del cáncer de mama al uréter y la pelvis es rara.
UNASSIGNED: Breast metastases to ureter are extremely rare. Most are asymptomatic.
UNASSIGNED: A 67-year-old woman with 5 years of evolution, with right breast cancer stage IA luminal A. She presented repeated urinary tract infection, total macroscopic hematuria and pain in the right renal fossa. The computed tomography showed dilation of the upper calyx and filling defect in the renal pelvis. A right laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy was realized; the histopathological report was metastasis of infiltrating carcinoma without specific pattern involving renal pelvis and ureter.
UNASSIGNED: Late metastasis of breast cancer to ureter and pelvis are rare.

Lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer usually shows lymphatic drainage to the ipsilateral axilla. Drainage to extraaxillary or contralateral axillary regions is rare and there is still controversy about its management. Due to the significant clinical impact of an accurate staging, a literature research is made based on a case of a patient with recurrence of left breast cancer with contralateral axillary sentinel lymph node detection, without evidence of lymphatic drainage to other locations.

We report the case of a breast cancer patient in whom a two-phase 18F-sodium-fluoride (18F-NaF) bone PET/CT was useful for detecting hidden bone metastases and assessing treatment response. The patient underwent a two-phase bone PET/CT to evaluate a newly developed lesion found on bone scintigraphy following surgery. In the perfusion and bone phase PET/CT images, focally increased perfusion and bony uptake were found in the sacrum and L5 vertebra, suggesting bone metastases of breast cancer. Therefore, the patient subsequently underwent palliative treatment. In another twoPET/CT studies (each including two-phase bone images) performed after 3and 6months of follow-up, the perfusion phase images showed an improvement of the lesion uptake more clearly than in the bone phase images in the visual and semi-quantitative analyses, and thus the perfusion phase images were more useful for clarifying the treatment response earlier than the bone phase images. This is the first case showing the clinical usefulness of 18F-NaF bone PET/CT with the perfusion imaging technique for evaluating bone metastases and the therapeutic response of metastatic bone lesions.

BACKGROUND: Primary breast lymphomas, a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma, represent 0.04 to 0.5% of all breast cancers, 0.38 to 0.7% of all lymphomas, and 1.7 to 2.2% of extranodal lymphomas. The treatment choice is based on chemotherapy containing anthracycline and rituximab. Surgery is limited to being less invasive and only for diagnostic purposes. Radiotherapy has an important role as consolidation therapy, particularly in patients with negative nodes.
METHODS: A 70 year old woman with a breast nodule in the left upper outer quadrant, with slow growth, expansive, painless, and accompanied by skin changes, malaise, weight loss, fatigue, chill, and sweating. There was tissue replacement by the mammary gland tumour, skin changes due to invasion, and a 5cm axillary lymphadenopathy. The mammography showed skin thickening and a dense pattern of 80% of breast tissue replacement, and the lymphadenopathy with loss of radiolucent centre and soft tissue invasion. The biopsy confirmed a diffuse high grade large cell lymphoma. She received an Rituximab (R-CHOP) chemotherapy scheme and radiotherapy with tangential and supraclavicular and axillary fields. After completing the chemotherapy, the patient is on follow-up, and at 15 months she is alive without disease activity.
CONCLUSIONS: Primary lymphoma of the breast is a rare entity. Multimodal treatment with combined chemo-radiotherapy is the cornerstone. Surgery is reserved only for diagnostic purposes.

BACKGROUND: breast metaplastic carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that exhibit a poor prognosis compared with invasive ductal carcinoma. Correspond less than 1% of all malignant neoplasms of the mammary gland. They usually present as high-grade tumors with a lower rate of lymph node metastases and decreased expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and Her2 and increased expression of Her1 and Ki-67.
METHODS: we report a 52 year old woman with a breast carcinosarcoma presented with a left breast tumor fungated, ulcerated, polypoid and 18 cm in major diameter with lymph node metastases at diagnosis. She received multimodal management with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy; she presented progression of the disease with lung metastases and local massive recurrence, eventually died from complications associated to the disease.
CONCLUSIONS: metaplastic carcinomas of the breast are extremely rare entities. Due the nature of disease and presentation, the prognosis is poor in these patients. There are several histologic subtypes based on studies of hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical stains. It requires multimodal therapy (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy) for best results.
Antecedentes: los carcinomas metaplásticos de la glándula mamaria son un grupo heterogéneo de neoplasias con pobre pronóstico en comparación con el carcinoma ductal invasor. Corresponden a menos de 1% del total de las neoplasias malignas de la glándula mamaria. Casi siempre se manifiestan como tumores de alto grado con menor índice de metástasis ganglionares y menor expresión de receptores de estrógeno y progesterona, Her2 y mayor expresión de Her1 y Ki-67. Caso clínico: se reporta el caso de una mujer de 52 años de edad con carcinosarcoma mamario que se manifiesta con un tumor mamario izquierdo, fungado, ulcerado, polipoide, de 18 cm de diámetro, con metástasis ganglionares al momento del diagnóstico. Recibió tratamiento multimodal con quimioterapia neoadyuvante seguida de mastectomía y quimioterapia complementaria; evolucionó con metástasis pulmonares y recurrencia local masiva. Falleció por complicaciones derivadas de la enfermedad.Conclusiones: los carcinomas metaplásticos de la glándula mamaria son padecimientos sumamente raros. Debido a la naturaleza de la enfermedad y su forma de presentación el pronóstico es pobre. Existen varios subtipos histológicos basados en estudios de hematoxilina y eosina o tinciones de inmunohistoquímica. El tratamiento debe ser multimodal (cirugía, radioterapia y quimioterapia) para obtener mejores resultados.