The emission of venenous sulfur dioxide (SO2) and its derivatives from industrial applications such as coking, transportation and food processing has caused great concern about public health and environmental quality. Probes that enable sensitivity and specificity to detect SO2 derivatives play a crucial role in its regulations and finally mitigating its environmental and health impacts, but fluorescent probes that can accurately, rapidly and on-site detect SO2 derivatives in foodstuffs and environmental systems rarely reported. Herein, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (ZTX) for the ratiometric response of bisulfite (HSO3-) was designed and synthesized by regulating the structure of high-performance HSO3- fluorescent probe SL previously reported by us based on structural analyses, theoretical calculations and related literature reports. The Michael addition reaction between the electronic-deficient C=C bond and HSO3- destroys ZTX\'s π-conjugation system and blocks its intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process, resulting in a significant fading of the fuchsia solution and the bluish-purple fluorescence turned light blue fluorescence. Fluorescent imaging of HSO3- in live animals utilizing ZTX has been demonstrated. The quantitative analysis of HSO3- in food samples using ZTXvia a smartphone has been also successfully implemented. Simultaneously, the ZTX-based test strips were utilized to quantificationally determine HSO3- in environmental water samples by a smartphone. Consequently, probe ZTX could provide a new method to understand the physiopathological roles of HSO3-, evaluate food safety and monitor environment, and is promising for broad applications.

In vitro dissolution that predicts the in vivo performance of solid preparations is extremely important in formulation optimization. Fraction absorbed (Fa) has been used to screen in vitro dissolution protocols based on the idea of in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) but failed to increase the success rate due to the inaccuracy of the Fa. The essence of IVIVC is the correlation between in vitro dissolution and in vivo dissolution. We tried to establish in vitro dissolution protocol via similarity with in vivo dissolution using aripiprazole (APZ) as a model drug. Hybrid APZ crystals (APZ-HCs) were prepared by physically embedding aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) fluorophores inside the lattice to measure the in vivo dissolution. The process did not change the physicochemical properties and crystallinity of APZ. The fluorophore illuminated APZ crystals but was quenched upon dissolution of APZ-HCs in aqueous media, enabling monitoring intact APZ-HCs in real-time. The good correlation between fluorescent quenching and dissolution of APZ-HCs justified reliable quantification of intact APZ crystals. The residual percentage of fluorescence intensity in rats treated by APZ-HCs was recorded with time, which was converted to in vivo dissolution by the difference from 100%. The in vivo dissolution was validated with the Fa. The in vitro dissolution profile of APZ was set up via a similarity factor larger than 50 in comparison with the in vivo dissolution. The study provides a novel idea and method to establish in vitro dissolution protocol.

Many species descriptions, especially older ones, consist mostly of text and have few illustrations. Only the most conspicuous morphological features needed for species diagnosis and delimitation at the time of description are illustrated. Such descriptions can quickly become inadequate when new species or characters are discovered. We propose that descriptions should become more data-rich by presenting a large amount of images and illustrations to cover as much morphology as possible; these descriptions are more likely to remain adequate over time because their large amounts of visual data could capture character systems that may become important in the future. Such an approach can now be quickly and easily achieved given that high-quality digital photography is readily available. Here, we re-describe the sepsid fly Perochaeta orientalis (de Meijere 1913) (Diptera, Sepsidae) which has suffered from inadequate descriptions in the past, and use photomicrography, scanning electron microscopy and videography to document its external morphology and mating behaviour. All images and videos are embedded within the electronic publication. We discuss briefly benefits and problems with our approach.