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Digital Therapeutics is now being utilized in the assessment, treatment, and management of various addictive disorders. As an emerging medical technology that integrates multidisciplinary approaches, there is currently a lack of consensus on clinical, research, and application aspects. By summarizing and discussing the current research and application status of digital therapy for addiction disorders, this consensus preliminarily determines medical value, potential applications, and research and development principles. Digital Therapeutics for addictive disorders is effective in various aspects such as prevention, assessment, and treatment and can be used independently or in combination. The core content prioritizes psychological and behavioral therapies with strong evidence-based medical evidence. Development standards need to be improved, and the technical risks associated with digital therapies should be considered. This consensus aims to provide reference for health care, research and development institutions, in order to promote the healthy and efficient development of digital therapy for addictive disorders.
成瘾障碍数字疗法已经开始应用于多种成瘾障碍的评估、治疗和管理。成瘾障碍数字疗法是一种多学科融合的新兴医疗技术，目前缺乏临床、研发和应用的共识。本共识通过总结讨论成瘾障碍数字疗法的研究应用现状，初步确定了成瘾障碍数字疗法的医学价值、应用方向和研发原则。成瘾障碍数字疗法在预防、评估和治疗等多个环节有效，可独立或联合使用；核心内容首选循证医学证据较强的心理和行为疗法；研发标准有待完善，需要关注数字疗法相关技术风险。本共识旨在为医护、研发和使用机构提供信息参考，以期促进成瘾障碍数字疗法的健康高效发展。.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequent developmental disorder in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Substance use disorders are a frequent comorbidity in ADHD. The many different forms and severities of these comorbidities necessitate individual strategies in the diagnostics and treatment. Principally, ADHD and addictive disorders should be treated together whenever possible. The more acute or severe the dependence disorder is, the less priority can be given to the topic of ADHD and the lower are the chances of carrying out valid diagnostics and simultaneous treatment at the beginning of the treatment of the addictive disorder. The less severe and acute the addictive disorder is, the quicker the diagnostics and, if necessary, treatment of ADHD can be initiated. In this continuing education article, the customary means for diagnostics and pharmacotherapy as well as the special features that must be considered with respect to comorbidities of both disorders are presented.
UNASSIGNED: Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit‑/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) ist die häufigste Entwicklungsstörung im Kindes‑, Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter. Abhängigkeitserkrankungen sind eine häufige Komorbidität bei ADHS. Die vielen unterschiedlichen Formen und Schweregrade dieser Komorbidität erfordern individuelle Strategien in der Diagnostik und Behandlung. Grundsätzlich sind ADHS und Suchterkrankung – wenn möglich – gemeinsam zu behandeln. Je akuter bzw. schwerer die Abhängigkeitserkrankung, desto eher ist die ADHS-Thematik nachrangig anzugehen bzw. desto geringer sind die Chancen, eine valide Diagnostik und eine Behandlung gleichzeitig mit dem Beginn der suchtmedizinischen Behandlung durchzuführen. Je weniger schwer und akut die Suchterkrankung, desto rascher kann mit Diagnostik und ggf. auch Behandlung der ADHS begonnen werden. Übliche Mittel der Diagnostik und der Pharmakotherapie sowie zu beachtende Besonderheiten hinsichtlich der Komorbidität beider Störungen werden in diesem Fortbildungsbeitrag vorgestellt.

Substance use disorders (SUD) are associated with cognitive deficits that are not always addressed in current treatments, and this hampers recovery. Cognitive training and remediation interventions are well suited to fill the gap for managing cognitive deficits in SUD. We aimed to reach consensus on recommendations for developing and applying these interventions.
We used a Delphi approach with two sequential phases: survey development and iterative surveying of experts. This was an on-line study. During survey development, we engaged a group of 15 experts from a working group of the International Society of Addiction Medicine (Steering Committee). During the surveying process, we engaged a larger pool of experts (n = 54) identified via recommendations from the Steering Committee and a systematic review.
Survey with 67 items covering four key areas of intervention development: targets, intervention approaches, active ingredients and modes of delivery.
Across two iterative rounds (98% retention rate), the experts reached a consensus on 50 items including: (i) implicit biases, positive affect, arousal, executive functions and social processing as key targets of interventions; (ii) cognitive bias modification, contingency management, emotion regulation training and cognitive remediation as preferred approaches; (iii) practice, feedback, difficulty-titration, bias modification, goal-setting, strategy learning and meta-awareness as active ingredients; and (iv) both addiction treatment work-force and specialized neuropsychologists facilitating delivery, together with novel digital-based delivery modalities.
Expert recommendations on cognitive training and remediation for substance use disorders highlight the relevance of targeting implicit biases, reward, emotion regulation and higher-order cognitive skills via well-validated intervention approaches qualified with mechanistic techniques and flexible delivery options.

The COVID-19 pandemic has broadly disrupted biomedical treatment and research including non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). Moreover, the rapid onset of societal disruption and evolving regulatory restrictions may not have allowed for systematic planning of how clinical and research work may continue throughout the pandemic or be restarted as restrictions are abated. The urgency to provide and develop NIBS as an intervention for diverse neurological and mental health indications, and as a catalyst of fundamental brain research, is not dampened by the parallel efforts to address the most life-threatening aspects of COVID-19; rather in many cases the need for NIBS is heightened including the potential to mitigate mental health consequences related to COVID-19.
To facilitate the re-establishment of access to NIBS clinical services and research operations during the current COVID-19 pandemic and possible future outbreaks, we develop and discuss a framework for balancing the importance of NIBS operations with safety considerations, while addressing the needs of all stakeholders. We focus on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and low intensity transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) - including transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS).
The present consensus paper provides guidelines and good practices for managing and reopening NIBS clinics and laboratories through the immediate and ongoing stages of COVID-19. The document reflects the analysis of experts with domain-relevant expertise spanning NIBS technology, clinical services, and basic and clinical research - with an international perspective. We outline regulatory aspects, human resources, NIBS optimization, as well as accommodations for specific demographics.
A model based on three phases (early COVID-19 impact, current practices, and future preparation) with an 11-step checklist (spanning removing or streamlining in-person protocols, incorporating telemedicine, and addressing COVID-19-associated adverse events) is proposed. Recommendations on implementing social distancing and sterilization of NIBS related equipment, specific considerations of COVID-19 positive populations including mental health comorbidities, as well as considerations regarding regulatory and human resource in the era of COVID-19 are outlined. We discuss COVID-19 considerations specifically for clinical (sub-)populations including pediatric, stroke, addiction, and the elderly. Numerous case-examples across the world are described.
There is an evident, and in cases urgent, need to maintain NIBS operations through the COVID-19 pandemic, including anticipating future pandemic waves and addressing effects of COVID-19 on brain and mind. The proposed robust and structured strategy aims to address the current and anticipated future challenges while maintaining scientific rigor and managing risk.

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In an unprecedented collaborative effort to integrate the existing knowledge on work addiction and delineate trajectories for future studies, several papers from work addiction researchers (including some of the most prolific experts in the field) have contributed to the debate on the misconceptions/myths about this problematic behavior. On the basis of the overview of the presented arguments, the most commonly proposed recommendations were that there should be: (a) a general definition of work addiction, (b) the need for more transdisciplinary and integrative approach to research, and (c) propositions regarding more high-quality research. These three aspects are summarized in the present paper. There is a general agreement among work addiction researchers that work addiction is a problematic behavior that merits more systematic studies, which require input and expertise from a wide range of fields due to its complex nature.

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The US National Institutes of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) seek to stimulate research into biologically validated neuropsychological dimensions across mental illness symptoms and diagnoses. The RDoC framework comprises 39 functional constructs designed to be revised and refined, with the overall goal of improving diagnostic validity and treatments. This study aimed to reach a consensus among experts in the addiction field on the \'primary\' RDoC constructs most relevant to substance and behavioural addictions.
Forty-four addiction experts were recruited from Australia, Asia, Europe and the Americas. The Delphi technique was used to determine a consensus as to the degree of importance of each construct in understanding the essential dimensions underpinning addictive behaviours. Expert opinions were canvassed online over three rounds (97% completion rate), with each consecutive round offering feedback for experts to review their opinions.
Seven constructs were endorsed by ≥ 80% of experts as \'primary\' to the understanding of addictive behaviour: five from the Positive Valence System (reward valuation, expectancy, action selection, reward learning, habit); one from the Cognitive Control System (response selection/inhibition); and one expert-initiated construct (compulsivity). These constructs were rated to be related differentially to stages of the addiction cycle, with some linked more closely to addiction onset and others more to chronicity. Experts agreed that these neuropsychological dimensions apply across a range of addictions.
The study offers a novel and neuropsychologically informed theoretical framework, as well as a cogent step forward to test transdiagnostic concepts in addiction research, with direct implications for assessment, diagnosis, staging of disorder, and treatment.