Rapid developments and methodological divides hinder the study of how scientific knowledge accumulates, consolidates and transfers to the public sphere. Our work proposes using Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, as a historiographical source for contemporary science. We chose the high-profile field of gene editing as our test case, performing a historical analysis of the English-language Wikipedia articles on CRISPR. Using a mixed-method approach, we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the CRISPR article\'s text, sections and references, alongside 50 affiliated articles. These, we found, documented the CRISPR field\'s maturation from a fundamental scientific discovery to a biotechnological revolution with vast social and cultural implications. We developed automated tools to support such research and demonstrated its applicability to two other scientific fields-coronavirus and circadian clocks. Our method utilizes Wikipedia as a digital and free archive, showing it can document the incremental growth of knowledge and the manner scientific research accumulates and translates into public discourse. Using Wikipedia in this manner compliments and overcomes some issues with contemporary histories and can also augment existing bibliometric research.

The present study focuses on the group of pathologists who (1) were appointed honorary members or bearers of the Rudolf Virchow Medal by the German Society for Pathology (DGP) and (2) experienced the Third Reich as a citizen of the Third Reich. In particular, it examines the relationship between those distinguished persons and National Socialism, and, at the same time, the criteria of the professional society when awarding such honors. Specifically, it is important to clarify what role the DGP officials ascribed to the political stance or experience of the candidates in the Nazi dictatorship during the selection process: were there victims of the Nazis among the honorees whose repressive experiences and personal fates were intended to be acknowledged in this way? Of equal interest is the counter-question: were pathologists honored who had made (party) political commitments to National Socialism during the Third Reich?A total of nine Virchow medallists and three honorary members met the inclusion criteria. None of those affected belonged to the group of pathologists who suffered injustice during the Third Reich or who could be described as victims of the Nazis. On the other hand, four of the nine German Virchow medal winners and one of the three honorary members had joined the National Socialist Party and to some extent other Nazi organisations. Obviously, previous closeness to National Socialism was not a decisive factor in the selection of honorary members and Virchow medallists and, in particular, was not an exclusion criterion.The aforementioned results correspond to the findings of a parallel study, in which the political past of the German DGP chairmen appointed up to 1986 was examined. This showed that two thirds of them had joined the National Socialist Party during the Third Reich.
UNASSIGNED: Die vorliegende Studie richtet den Fokus auf den Kreis der Pathologen, die (1) von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pathologie (DGP) zu Ehrenmitgliedern oder zu Trägern der Rudolf-Virchow-Medaille ernannt wurden und (2) das „Dritte Reich“ als erwachsene Personen erlebt haben. Sie untersucht insbesondere das Verhältnis der Ausgezeichneten zum Nationalsozialismus und damit zugleich die Kriterien der Fachgesellschaft bei der Vergabe derartiger Ehrungen. Konkret gilt es zu klären, welche Rolle die DGP-Verantwortlichen beim Auswahlprozess der politischen Haltung bzw. Erfahrung der Kandidaten in der NS-Diktatur beimaßen: Finden sich unter den Geehrten NS-Opfer, deren repressive Erfahrungen und Lebensschicksale man auf diese Weise würdigen wollte? Ebenso interessiert die Gegenfrage: Wurden Pathologen geehrt, die sich im „Dritten Reich“ (partei)politisch zum Nationalsozialismus bekannt hatten?Insgesamt erfüllen neun Virchow-Medaillenträger und drei Ehrenmitglieder die Einschlusskriterien. Keine der betreffenden Personen gehört zum Kreis der Pathologen, die im „Dritten Reich“ Unrecht erlitten hatten bzw. als NS-Opfer bezeichnet werden können. Demgegenüber waren vier der neun deutschen Virchow-Medaillenträger bzw. eines der drei Ehrenmitglieder der NSDAP und z. T. weiteren NS-Organisationen beigetreten. Offenkundig war die frühere Nähe zum Nationalsozialismus bei der Auswahl der Ehrenmitglieder und Virchow-Medaillenträger kein maßgeblicher Gesichtspunkt und insbesondere kein Ausschlusskriterium.Besagte Ergebnisse korrespondieren mit den Resultaten einer parallel durchgeführten Studie, in der die politische Vergangenheit der bis 1986 berufenen deutschen DGP-Vorsitzenden untersucht wurden. Diese ergab, dass sich zwei Drittel derselben im „Dritten Reich“ der Partei der Nationalsozialisten angeschlossen hatten.

The present study focuses on the group of pathologists who (1) were appointed honorary members or bearers of the Rudolf Virchow Medal by the German Society for Pathology (DGP) and (2) experienced the \"Third Reich\" as a citizen of the \"Third Reich\". In particular, it examines the relationship between those distinguished persons and National Socialism, and, at the same time, the criteria of the professional society when awarding such honours. Specifically, it is important to clarify what role the DGP officials ascribed to the political stance or experience of the candidates in the Nazi dictatorship during the selection process: were there victims of the Nazis among the honourees whose repressive experiences and personal fates were intended to be acknowledged in this way? Of equal interest is the counter-question: were pathologists honoured who had made (party)political commitments to National Socialism during the \"Third Reich\"?A total of 9 Virchow medallists and 3 honorary members met the inclusion criteria. None of those affected belonged to the group of pathologists who suffered injustice during the \"Third Reich\" or who could be described as victims of the Nazis. On the other hand, 4 of the 9 German Virchow medal winners and 1 of the 3 honorary members had joined the National Socialist Party and to some extent other Nazi organisations. Obviously, previous closeness to National Socialism was not a decisive factor in the selection of honorary members and Virchow medallists and, in particular, was not an exclusion criterion.The aforementioned results correspond to the findings of a parallel study, in which the political past of the German DGP chairmen appointed up to 1986 was examined. This showed that two thirds of them had joined the National Socialist Party during the \"Third Reich\".

The history of neuroscience is the memory of the discipline and this memory depends on the study of the present traces of the past; the things left behind: artifacts, equipment, written documents, data books, photographs, memoirs, etc. History, in all of its definitions, is an integral part of neuroscience and I have used examples from the literature and my personal experience to illustrate the importance of the different aspects of history in neuroscience. Each time we talk about the brain, do an experiment, or write a research article, we are involved in history. Each published experiment becomes a historical document; it relies on past research (the \"Introduction\" section), procedures developed in the past (\"Methods\" section) and as soon as new data are published, they become history and become embedded into the history of the discipline (\"Discussion\" section). In order to be transparent and able to be replicated, each experiment requires its own historical archive. Studying history means researching books, documents and objects in libraries, archives, and museums. It means looking at data books, letters and memos, talking to scientists, and reading biographies and autobiographies. History can be made relevant by integrating historical documents into classes and by using historical websites. Finally, conducting historical research can be interesting, entertaining, and can lead to travel to out-of-the-way and exotic places and meeting interesting people.

We have uncovered 80 medical files corresponding to original cases of Chagas\' disease used for the classical description of the acute and cardiac forms of the disease. Sixty of them were diagnosed cardiac forms of the disease. The detailed clinical description of these 60 files is in excellent agreement with the nosography of progressive heart disease given by Chagas in his original 1922 paper. The reports we had access to, characterize a novel form of cardiac disease, dominated by progressive AV block, enlargement and displacement of the heart and sudden death, in relatively young adults including juveniles. In contrast to that remarkable clinical description, the assertion made by Chagas that this set of clinical signs was the consequence of an earlier infection by Trypanosoma cruzi rests on weak evidence, due to the difficulty to identify the parasite in most patients. Moreover, the association of thyroid dysfunction with cardiac disease emphasized by Chagas cannot be deduced from the files we have examined. Finally, the main reason why the disease had not been recognized for long as a defined clinical entity, is likely the absence of markedly distinctive clinical signs compared to most other parasitic diseases, poor sanitary conditions and the probable lack of clinical skills of the rare doctors working in the area where the disease was described.

This article addresses the study of document typology in the personal archives of scientists and its importance in the history of science studies and for the archivist\'s work. A brief history is presented of diplomatic to typological information, emphasizing that identifying document production activity as essential for its classification. The article illustrates personal archive characteristics as regards the diversity of documental types and, in particular, those belonging to physicists. Furthermore, it presents five examples of documental types found in the archives of physicists as examples of research in progress. It also highlights the elaboration of a glossary of different documental kinds and types found in the private archives of Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences in Rio de Janeiro.

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The Leopoldina Center for the Study of the History of Science and Science Academies is a place to openly discuss the cooperation between science and society across all of the disciplines represented at the Leopoldina and beyond. This dialogue shall, by all means, also include researchers who are not members of the Leopoldina and people from outside of the academia who are interested in the topic. Like the Leopoldina, its Study Center builds bridges: between various academic disciplines, across generations and in local, national, and international communities. All interested members of the Leopoldina--not just members from the humanities, the social sciences or the behavioral sciences, but also scientists from the areas of the natural sciences, technology, the life sciences and physicians--are kindly invited to incorporate their research interests, with regard to the history and theory of their respective academic disciplines, in the research portfolio of the Leopoldina Study Center. In so doing, the Leopoldina Center for the Study of the History of Science and Science Academies should and will become a source of energy for permanent reflection and innovation when contemplating the issues of science and society.

This article features a short outline of both the architectural history and the inventories of Leopoldina\'s archive and library. Moreover, the article presents the construction plans that will--when implemented in the near future--generate and provide outstanding working facilities in the form of a building ensemble consisting of an archive, library and study center. The future infrastructure of these Leopoldina buildings, located in the area of Emil-Abderhalden-/August-Bebel-Strasse, will sustainably foster and support the establishment of research projects at the Leopoldina Study Center.

In order to adequately perform its many diverse tasks as a scholars\' society and as the German National Academy of Sciences, the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina needs to view itself in a historical context. This can only happen as part of a culture of remembrance which fosters the memory of the Leopoldina\'s past and subjects this to a critical analysis in the context of the history of science and academies. The newly founded Leopoldina Study Center for the History of Science and Science Academies is to be a forum that pursues established forms of historical research at the Leopoldina, organizes new scientific projects, and presents its findings to the public. The aim is to involve as many Leopoldina members as possible from all of its disciplines, as well as to collaborate with national and international partners.