This paper presents a systematic literature review concerning 3D segmentation algorithms for computerized tomographic imaging. This analysis covers articles published in the range 2006-March 2018 found in four scientific databases (Science Direct, IEEEXplore, ACM, and PubMed), using the methodology for systematic review proposed by Kitchenham. We present the analyzed segmentation methods categorized according to its application, algorithmic strategy, validation, and use of prior knowledge, as well as its general conceptual description. Additionally, we present a general overview, discussions, and further prospects for the 3D segmentation methods applied for tomographic images.