Abstract：
For convenience and experimental control, cognitive science has relied largely on images as stimuli rather than the real, tangible objects encountered in the real world. Recent evidence suggests that the cognitive processing of images may differ from real objects, especially in the processing of spatial locations and actions, thought to be mediated by the dorsal visual stream. Perceptual and semantic processing in the ventral visual stream, however, has been assumed to be largely unaffected by the realism of objects. Several studies have found that one key difference accounting for differences between real objects and images is actability; however, less research has investigated another potential difference - the three-dimensional nature of real objects as conveyed by cues like binocular disparity. To investigate the extent to which perception is affected by the realism of a stimulus, we compared viewpoint adaptation when stimuli (a face or a kettle) were 2D (flat images without binocular disparity) vs. 3D (i.e., real, tangible objects or stereoscopic images with binocular disparity). For both faces and kettles, adaptation to 3D stimuli induced stronger viewpoint aftereffects than adaptation to 2D images when the adapting orientation was rightward. A computational model suggested that the difference in aftereffects could be explained by broader viewpoint tuning for 3D compared to 2D stimuli. Overall, our finding narrowed the gap between understanding the neural processing of visual images and real-world objects by suggesting that compared to 2D images, real and simulated 3D objects evoke more broadly tuned neural representations, which may result in stronger viewpoint invariance.
摘要：
为了方便和实验控制，认知科学在很大程度上依赖于图像作为刺激，而不是真实的，在现实世界中遇到的有形物体。最近的证据表明，图像的认知处理可能与真实物体不同，特别是在空间位置和动作的处理中，被认为是由背侧视觉流介导的。腹侧视觉流中的感知和语义处理，然而,被认为在很大程度上不受对象现实主义的影响。一些研究发现，解释真实物体和图像之间差异的一个关键差异是可操作性；然而，较少研究调查了另一个潜在的差异——通过双眼视差等线索传达的真实物体的三维性质。为了调查感知受到刺激的现实性影响的程度，我们比较了当刺激（面部或水壶）是2D（没有双眼视差的平面图像）与3D(即，real,具有双目视差的有形物体或立体图像)。对于脸和水壶来说，当适应方向向右时，对3D刺激的适应比对2D图像的适应引起更强的视点后效应。计算模型表明，与2D刺激相比，可以通过对3D进行更广泛的视点调整来解释后效应的差异。总的来说,我们的发现缩小了理解视觉图像和现实世界物体的神经处理之间的差距，真实和模拟的3D对象唤起更广泛调整的神经表示，这可能导致更强的观点不变性。
