PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: In recent years, the study of creatine supplementation in professional athletes has been of great interest. However, the genetics involved in response to supplementation is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyse, for the first time, the relationship between muscle performance-related genes and the risk of an increased body mass index (BMI) and muscle mass and a decrease in fat mass in professional football players after creatine supplementation.
METHODS: For this longitudinal study, one hundred and sixty-one men\'s professional football players were recruited. The polymorphisms ACE I/D, ACTN3 c.1729C>T, AMPD1 c.34C>T, CKM c.*800A>G, and MLCK (c.49C>T and c.37885C>A) were genotyped using Single-Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNPE). To assess the combined impact of these six polymorphisms, a total genotype score (TGS) was calculated. The creatine supplementation protocol consisted of 20 g/day of creatine monohydrate for 5 days (loading dose) and 3-5 g/day for 7 weeks (maintenance dose). Anthropometric characteristics (body mass index (BMI), fat, and muscle mass) were recorded before and after the creatine supplementation protocol. Characteristics of non-contact muscle injuries during the 2022/2023 season were classified according to a consensus statement for injury recording. The results showed that the allelic frequencies of ACE and AMPD1 differed between responders and non-responders in muscle mass increase (all p < 0.05). Players with a TGS exceeding 54.16 a.u. had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.985 (95%CI: 1.560-5.711; p = 0.001) for muscle mass increase. By contrast, those with a TGS below 54.16 a.u. had an OR of 9.385 (95%CI: 4.535-19.425; p < 0.001) for suffering non-contact muscle injuries during the season.
CONCLUSIONS: The increase in BMI and muscle mass in response to creatine supplementation in professional football players was influenced by a TGS derived from the combination of favourable genotypes linked to muscle performance. The CC genotype and C allele of AMPD1 were particularly associated with a higher likelihood of muscle mass increase under creatine supplementation in this group of professional football players.
METHODS: For this longitudinal study, one hundred and sixty-one men\'s professional football players were recruited. The polymorphisms ACE I/D, ACTN3 c.1729C>T, AMPD1 c.34C>T, CKM c.*800A>G, and MLCK (c.49C>T and c.37885C>A) were genotyped using Single-Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNPE). To assess the combined impact of these six polymorphisms, a total genotype score (TGS) was calculated. The creatine supplementation protocol consisted of 20 g/day of creatine monohydrate for 5 days (loading dose) and 3-5 g/day for 7 weeks (maintenance dose). Anthropometric characteristics (body mass index (BMI), fat, and muscle mass) were recorded before and after the creatine supplementation protocol. Characteristics of non-contact muscle injuries during the 2022/2023 season were classified according to a consensus statement for injury recording. The results showed that the allelic frequencies of ACE and AMPD1 differed between responders and non-responders in muscle mass increase (all p < 0.05). Players with a TGS exceeding 54.16 a.u. had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.985 (95%CI: 1.560-5.711; p = 0.001) for muscle mass increase. By contrast, those with a TGS below 54.16 a.u. had an OR of 9.385 (95%CI: 4.535-19.425; p < 0.001) for suffering non-contact muscle injuries during the season.
CONCLUSIONS: The increase in BMI and muscle mass in response to creatine supplementation in professional football players was influenced by a TGS derived from the combination of favourable genotypes linked to muscle performance. The CC genotype and C allele of AMPD1 were particularly associated with a higher likelihood of muscle mass increase under creatine supplementation in this group of professional football players.
摘要：
背景：近年来，专业运动员补充肌酸的研究引起了极大的兴趣。然而,对补充的反应所涉及的遗传学是未知的。这项研究的目的是分析，第一次,补充肌酸后，职业足球运动员的肌肉性能相关基因与体重指数（BMI）和肌肉质量增加以及脂肪质量减少的风险之间的关系。
方法：对于这项纵向研究，招募了一百六十一名男子职业足球运动员。多态性ACEI/D，ACTN3c.1729C>T，AMPD1c.34C>T，CKMc.*800A>G，使用单核苷酸引物延伸(SNPE)对MLCK(c.49C>T和c.3785C>A)进行基因分型。为了评估这六个多态性的综合影响，计算总基因型评分(TGS).肌酸补充方案由20g/天的肌酸一水合物持续5天(负荷剂量)和3-5g/天持续7周(维持剂量)组成。人体测量特征（体重指数（BMI），脂肪，和肌肉质量）在肌酸补充方案之前和之后记录。2022/2023赛季非接触式肌肉损伤的特征根据损伤记录的共识声明进行分类。结果表明，在肌肉质量增加方面，应答者和非应答者之间ACE和AMPD1的等位基因频率不同（均p<0.05）。TGS超过54.16a.u.的玩家肌肉质量增加的比值比（OR）为2.985（95CI：1.560-5.711；p=0.001）。相比之下,TGS低于54.16a.u.的人在本赛季遭受非接触式肌肉损伤，OR为9.385（95CI：4.535-19.425；p<0.001）。
结论：职业足球运动员补充肌酸后，BMI和肌肉质量的增加受到与肌肉表现相关的有利基因型组合产生的TGS的影响。在这组职业足球运动员中，在补充肌酸的情况下，AMPD1的CC基因型和C等位基因与肌肉质量增加的可能性更高有关。
方法：对于这项纵向研究，招募了一百六十一名男子职业足球运动员。多态性ACEI/D，ACTN3c.1729C>T，AMPD1c.34C>T，CKMc.*800A>G，使用单核苷酸引物延伸(SNPE)对MLCK(c.49C>T和c.3785C>A)进行基因分型。为了评估这六个多态性的综合影响，计算总基因型评分(TGS).肌酸补充方案由20g/天的肌酸一水合物持续5天(负荷剂量)和3-5g/天持续7周(维持剂量)组成。人体测量特征（体重指数（BMI），脂肪，和肌肉质量）在肌酸补充方案之前和之后记录。2022/2023赛季非接触式肌肉损伤的特征根据损伤记录的共识声明进行分类。结果表明，在肌肉质量增加方面，应答者和非应答者之间ACE和AMPD1的等位基因频率不同（均p<0.05）。TGS超过54.16a.u.的玩家肌肉质量增加的比值比（OR）为2.985（95CI：1.560-5.711；p=0.001）。相比之下,TGS低于54.16a.u.的人在本赛季遭受非接触式肌肉损伤，OR为9.385（95CI：4.535-19.425；p<0.001）。
结论：职业足球运动员补充肌酸后，BMI和肌肉质量的增加受到与肌肉表现相关的有利基因型组合产生的TGS的影响。在这组职业足球运动员中，在补充肌酸的情况下，AMPD1的CC基因型和C等位基因与肌肉质量增加的可能性更高有关。
