Abstract：
Plasmodium vivax, traditionally overlooked has experienced a notable increase in cases in East Africa. This study investigated the geographical origin and genetic diversity of P. vivax in Sudan using 14 microsatellite markers. A total of 113 clinical P. vivax samples were collected from two different ecogeographical zones, New Halfa and Khartoum, in Sudan. Additionally, 841 geographical samples from the database were incorporated for a global genetic analysis to discern genetic relationships among P. vivax isolates on regional and worldwide scales. On the regional scale, our findings revealed 91 unique and 8 shared haplotypes among the Sudan samples, showcasing a remarkable genetic diversity compared to other geographical isolates and supporting the hypothesis that P. vivax originated from Africa. On a global scale, distinct genetic clustering of P. vivax isolates from Africa, South America, and Asia (including Papua New Guinea and Solomon Island) was observed, with limited admixture among the three clusters. Principal component analysis emphasized the substantial contribution of African isolates to the observed global genetic variation. The Sudanese populations displayed extensive genetic diversity, marked by significant multi-locus linkage disequilibrium, suggesting an ancestral source of P. vivax variation globally and frequent recombination among the isolates. Notably, the East African P. vivax exhibited similarity with some Asian isolates, indicating potential recent introductions. Overall, our results underscore the effectiveness of utilizing microsatellite markers for implementing robust control measures, given their ability to capture extensive genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium patterns.
摘要：
间日疟原虫,传统上被忽视的东非病例明显增加。本研究利用14个微卫星标记对苏丹间日疟原虫的地理起源和遗传多样性进行了调查。从两个不同的生态地理区域收集了总共113个临床间日疟原虫样本，新哈尔法和喀土穆,在苏丹。此外,数据库中的841个地理样本被纳入全球遗传分析，以在区域和全球范围内辨别间日疟原虫分离株之间的遗传关系。在区域范围内,我们的发现揭示了苏丹样本中91种独特的和8种共有的单倍型，与其他地理分离株相比，展示了显着的遗传多样性，并支持了间日疟原虫起源于非洲的假设。在全球范围内,来自非洲的间日疟原虫分离株的不同遗传聚类，南美洲,观察到亚洲（包括巴布亚新几内亚和所罗门岛），三个集群之间的混合有限。主成分分析强调了非洲分离株对观察到的全球遗传变异的重大贡献。苏丹人口表现出广泛的遗传多样性，以显著的多基因座连锁不平衡为标志，提示全球间日疟原虫变异的祖先来源和分离株之间的频繁重组。值得注意的是,东非间日疟原虫与一些亚洲分离株表现出相似性，表明最近的潜在介绍。总的来说,我们的结果强调了利用微卫星标记实施稳健控制措施的有效性，鉴于它们能够捕获广泛的遗传多样性和连锁不平衡模式。
