Abstract：
Equine physiotherapy commonly includes basic exercises such as walking backward (BW) and voluntary lifting of single limbs (SLL), but trunk movements during these have not been studied. In order to compare the trunk kinematics during BW and SLL with forward walking (FW), nine horses were measured in FW, BW and during SLL triggered by tactile cue. Kinematics were obtained from skin markers captured by ten high-speed video cameras. Trunk angles were calculated in sagittal and horizontal planes from withers, dorsal to spinous processes of the 16th thoracic vertebra (T16), 2nd and 4th sacral vertebrae (S2, S4), WT16S2 and T16S2S4 respectively. From the hooves, maximum hoof height during swing phase and horizontal distance between hoof and median body plane during swing and stance phases were determined. Dorsoventral range of motion (ROM) and maximum flexion of WT16S2 was significantly larger in BW than in FW, while laterolateral ROM was significantly smaller during hindlimb swing phase in BW and SLL than in FW. In contrast, dorsoventral ROM of T16S2S4 was significantly smaller during stance and swing phases of hindlimbs in BW compared to FW, and throughout the movement. During forelimb swing phase, T16S2S4 ROM was significantly larger in BW than SLL. Hindhoof height in SLL was significantly higher than in FW. Distance between median body plane and hooves was significantly larger in BW than in FW, and significantly larger in BW than in SLL for hindlimb swing phase. In BW, increased lumbosacral stabilisation and the larger area of support created by fore- and hindlimbs may represent a strategy to enhance body stabilisation, as BW entails some insecurity.
摘要：
马的物理治疗通常包括基本的运动，例如向后行走（BW）和自愿抬起单肢（SLL），但是这些期间的躯干运动还没有被研究过。为了比较BW和SLL与向前行走（FW）期间的躯干运动学，在FW中测量了九匹马，BW和SLL期间由触觉提示触发。运动学是从十个高速摄像机捕获的皮肤标记中获得的。从肩带在矢状和水平面中计算躯干角度，第16胸椎的背侧至棘突（T16），第二和第四骶椎（S2，S4），分别为WT16S2和T16S2S4。从蹄上看，确定了摆动阶段的最大蹄高度以及摆动和站立阶段的蹄与正中身体平面之间的水平距离。WT16S2背腹运动范围（ROM）和最大屈曲在BW中明显大于在FW中，而BW和SLL的后肢摆动期外侧ROM明显小于FW。相比之下,与FW相比，在BW的后肢站立和摆动阶段，T16S2S4的背腹侧ROM明显较小，在整个运动中。在前肢摆动阶段，T16S2S4的ROM在BW中明显大于SLL。SLL的Hindhoof高度明显高于FW。BW的正中身体平面与蹄之间的距离明显大于FW，在后肢摆动阶段，BW明显大于SLL。在BW,增加的腰骶骨稳定性和由前肢和后肢产生的更大的支持区域可能代表了增强身体稳定性的策略，因为BW带来了一些不安全感。
