Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Depression, anxiety, and stress are persistent and co-occurring symptoms in survivors of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI), and often impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This paper explored emotional distress symptom clusters and associated factors in young adults with childhood TBI.
UNASSIGNED: We included 54 young adults who sustained mild (n = 14), moderate (n = 27), and severe (n = 13) childhood TBI, at 20 years post-injury. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale was administered. Cluster group membership was identified using two-step clustering and hierarchical clustering methods, and associated factors were assessed with multiple regression models.
UNASSIGNED: Two symptom cluster groups were identified, including a No Distress (n = 66%) and an Elevated Distress (n = 33%) group, with the latter showing significantly higher symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (all p < .001). Elevated Distress group membership was linked to tobacco use and poor sleep quality, while poor HRQoL was associated with younger age at injury and Elevated Distress group membership.
UNASSIGNED: Using cluster methodology, we showed that one-third of young adults with childhood TBI had elevated emotional distress symptoms. This underscores the complex emotional profile of this subgroup and the need for assessment, analysis, and treatment methods that target a range of symptoms rather than relying on single-diagnostic protocols.
UNASSIGNED: ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; CT: Computed Tomography; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; HREC: Human Research Ethics Committee; HRQoL: Health-Related Quality of Life; IBM: International Business Machines Corporation; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; PTA: Post-Traumatic Amnesia; QoL: Quality of Life; QOLIBRI: Quality of Life after Brain Injury Scale; REDCap: Research Electronic Data Capture; SES: Socioeconomic Status; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences; TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury.
UNASSIGNED: We included 54 young adults who sustained mild (n = 14), moderate (n = 27), and severe (n = 13) childhood TBI, at 20 years post-injury. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale was administered. Cluster group membership was identified using two-step clustering and hierarchical clustering methods, and associated factors were assessed with multiple regression models.
UNASSIGNED: Two symptom cluster groups were identified, including a No Distress (n = 66%) and an Elevated Distress (n = 33%) group, with the latter showing significantly higher symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress (all p < .001). Elevated Distress group membership was linked to tobacco use and poor sleep quality, while poor HRQoL was associated with younger age at injury and Elevated Distress group membership.
UNASSIGNED: Using cluster methodology, we showed that one-third of young adults with childhood TBI had elevated emotional distress symptoms. This underscores the complex emotional profile of this subgroup and the need for assessment, analysis, and treatment methods that target a range of symptoms rather than relying on single-diagnostic protocols.
UNASSIGNED: ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; CT: Computed Tomography; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; HREC: Human Research Ethics Committee; HRQoL: Health-Related Quality of Life; IBM: International Business Machines Corporation; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; PTA: Post-Traumatic Amnesia; QoL: Quality of Life; QOLIBRI: Quality of Life after Brain Injury Scale; REDCap: Research Electronic Data Capture; SES: Socioeconomic Status; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences; TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury.
摘要：
■抑郁症，焦虑,在儿童创伤性脑损伤（TBI）的幸存者中，压力是持续的和共同发生的症状，并经常影响健康相关生活质量（HRQoL）。本文探讨了儿童TBI年轻人的情绪困扰症状群及其相关因素。
■我们包括54名持续轻度（n=14）的年轻人，中等(n=27)，和严重（n=13）儿童TBI，受伤后20年。采用抑郁焦虑应激量表。使用两步聚类和层次聚类方法识别聚类组成员，和相关因素用多元回归模型进行评估。
■确定了两个症状类群组，包括无危难(n=66%)和高度危难(n=33%)组，后者表现出明显更高的抑郁症状，焦虑,和压力（所有p<.001）。增加的痛苦组成员资格与烟草使用和睡眠质量差有关，而不良的HRQoL与受伤时年龄较小和严重的痛苦组成员资格有关。
■使用集群方法，我们发现,1/3的儿童TBI患者的情绪困扰症状升高.这强调了这个亚组复杂的情绪特征和评估的必要性，分析,以及针对一系列症状而不是依赖单一诊断方案的治疗方法。
■我们包括54名持续轻度（n=14）的年轻人，中等(n=27)，和严重（n=13）儿童TBI，受伤后20年。采用抑郁焦虑应激量表。使用两步聚类和层次聚类方法识别聚类组成员，和相关因素用多元回归模型进行评估。
■确定了两个症状类群组，包括无危难(n=66%)和高度危难(n=33%)组，后者表现出明显更高的抑郁症状，焦虑,和压力（所有p<.001）。增加的痛苦组成员资格与烟草使用和睡眠质量差有关，而不良的HRQoL与受伤时年龄较小和严重的痛苦组成员资格有关。
■使用集群方法，我们发现,1/3的儿童TBI患者的情绪困扰症状升高.这强调了这个亚组复杂的情绪特征和评估的必要性，分析,以及针对一系列症状而不是依赖单一诊断方案的治疗方法。
