Abstract：
Analyses of ancient DNA typically involve sequencing the surviving short oligonucleotides and aligning to genome assemblies from related, modern species. Here, we report that skin from a female woolly mammoth (†Mammuthus primigenius) that died 52,000 years ago retained its ancient genome architecture. We use PaleoHi-C to map chromatin contacts and assemble its genome, yielding 28 chromosome-length scaffolds. Chromosome territories, compartments, loops, Barr bodies, and inactive X chromosome (Xi) superdomains persist. The active and inactive genome compartments in mammoth skin more closely resemble Asian elephant skin than other elephant tissues. Our analyses uncover new biology. Differences in compartmentalization reveal genes whose transcription was potentially altered in mammoths vs. elephants. Mammoth Xi has a tetradic architecture, not bipartite like human and mouse. We hypothesize that, shortly after this mammoth\'s death, the sample spontaneously freeze-dried in the Siberian cold, leading to a glass transition that preserved subfossils of ancient chromosomes at nanometer scale.
摘要：
古代DNA的分析通常涉及对存活的短寡核苷酸进行测序，并与相关的基因组装配进行比对，现代物种这里,我们报告说，在52,000年前死亡的雌性羊毛猛犸象的皮肤保留了其古老的基因组结构。我们使用PaleoHi-C绘制染色质接触图并组装其基因组，产生28个染色体长度的支架。染色体区域，隔室,循环,巴尔的尸体,和不活跃的X染色体（Xi）超域持续存在。猛犸象皮肤中活跃和不活跃的基因组区室比其他大象组织更像亚洲象皮肤。我们的分析揭示了新的生物学。区室化的差异揭示了猛犸象与猛犸象的转录可能发生改变的基因。大象。MammothXi有一个传统的建筑，而不是像人类和老鼠那样的两股。我们假设，这只猛犸象死后不久,样品在西伯利亚寒冷中自发冻干，导致玻璃化转变，在纳米尺度上保存了古代染色体的亚化石。
