Abstract：
This research explores the fluorescence properties and photostability of boron nitrogen co-doped graphene quantum dots (BN-GQDs), evaluating their effectiveness as sensors for rutin (RU). BN-GQDs are biocompatible and exhibit notable absorbance and fluorescence characteristics, making them suitable for sensing applications. The study utilized various analytical techniques to investigate the chemical composition, structure, morphology, optical attributes, elemental composition, and particle size of BN-GQDs. Techniques included X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The average particle size of the BN-GQDs was determined to be approximately 3.5 ± 0.3 nm. A clear correlation between the emission intensity ratio and RU concentration was identified across the range of 0.42 to 4.1 μM, featuring an impressively low detection limit (LOD) of 1.23 nM. The application of BN-GQDs as fluorescent probes has facilitated the development of a highly sensitive and selective RU detection method based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) principles. This technique leverages emission at 465 nm. Density Functional Theory (DFT) analyses confirm that FRET is the primary mechanism behind fluorescence quenching, as indicated by the energy levels of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of BN-GQDs and RU. The method\'s effectiveness has been validated by measuring RU concentrations in human serum samples, showing a recovery range between 97.8% and 103.31%. Additionally, a smartphone-based detection method utilizing BN-GQDs has been successfully implemented, achieving a detection limit (LOD) of 49 nM.
摘要：
本研究探索了硼氮共掺杂石墨烯量子点(BN-GQDs)的荧光性质和光稳定性,评估它们作为芦丁(RU)传感器的有效性。BN-GQDs具有生物相容性，表现出显著的吸光度和荧光特性，使它们适合传感应用。该研究利用各种分析技术来研究化学成分，结构,形态学,光学属性，元素组成,和BN-GQDs的粒径。技术包括X射线衍射(XRD)、能量色散X射线光谱（EDS），透射电子显微镜（TEM），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），和原子力显微镜（AFM）。确定BN-GQD的平均粒度为约3.5±0.3nm。在0.42至4.1μM的范围内，确定了发射强度比与RU浓度之间的明显相关性，具有令人印象深刻的低检测限（LOD）1.23nM。BN-GQD作为荧光探针的应用促进了基于Förster共振能量转移（FRET）原理的高灵敏度和选择性RU检测方法的发展。该技术利用465nm处的发射。密度泛函理论（DFT）分析证实FRET是荧光猝灭背后的主要机制，如BN-GQD和RU的最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)的能级所示。该方法的有效性已通过测量人血清样品中的RU浓度得到验证，显示回收率范围在97.8%和103.31%之间。此外,一种基于智能手机的利用BN-GQD的检测方法已经成功实现，达到49nM的检测限(LOD)。
