石墨烯量子点(GQDs)是一种不断发展的碳基纳米材料,由于其强烈的光学特性,引起了极大的关注,工程形状和结构,和良好的光稳定性。作为碳结构的零维形式,GQDs具有优越的光致发光行为,可调发射和吸收,优异的生物相容性,低细胞毒性,亲水性,修改表面状态。它们的水分散性和功能化的表面结构,涉及到GQDs表面的杂原子和各种官能团,使它们特别适合生物应用。基于它们的绝对发光特性,GQD发出蓝色,绿色,黄色,紫外线照射下的红光。在三种颜色中,红色发光可以使光更深地穿透到组织中,良好的细胞分布,生物传感特性,细胞成像,药物输送,并作为光动力疗法的更好候选者。本综述的总体目标是全面概述红色荧光石墨烯量子点(RF-GQDs)的合成方法,用于表征的光谱技术的关键比较分析,支撑红色发射的可调光致发光机制,深入讨论了化学功能化GQDs表面边缘在实现红色荧光中的意义。这篇综述还讨论了与RF-GQD相关的有效生物学应用和关键挑战,提供他们在临床和工业应用中的未来潜力的见解。
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are an evolving class of carbon-based nanomaterial, seizing tremendous attention owing to their intense optical property, engineered shapes and structures, and good photostability. Being a zero-dimensional form of carbon structure, GQDs have superior photoluminescent behavior, tunable emission and absorption, excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, hydrophilic nature, modifying surface states. Their water dispersibility and functionalized surface structure, involving heteroatoms and various functional groups onto the surface of GQDs, make them particularly suitable for biological applications. Based on their absolute luminescence properties, GQDs emit blue, green, yellow, and red light under ultraviolet irradiation. Amongst the three colors, red luminescence can achieve deeper penetration of light into tissues, good cellular distribution, bio-sensing property, cell imaging, drug delivery, and serves as a better candidate for photodynamic therapy. The overall objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methods for red fluorescence graphene quantum dots (RF-GQDs), critical comparative analyses of spectral techniques used for their characterization, the tunable photoluminescence mechanisms underpinning red emission, and the significance of chemically functionalizing GQDs\' surface edges in achieving red fluorescence are discussed in depth. This review also discusses the effective biological applications and critical challenges associated with RF-GQDs are examined, providing insights into their future potential in clinical and industrial applications.