PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases which affects both humans and animals, is caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. The disease is caused by several species of Schistosoma which affect several organs such as urethra, liver, bladder, intestines, skin and bile ducts. The life cycle of the disease involves an intermediate host (snail) and a mammalian host. It affects people who are in close proximity to water bodies where the intermediate host is abundant. Common clinical manifestations of the disease at various stages include fever, chills, headache, cough, dysuria, hyperplasia and hydronephrosis. To date, most of the control strategies are dependent on effective diagnosis, chemotherapy and public health education on the biology of the vectors and parasites. Microscopy (Kato-Katz) is considered the golden standard for the detection of the parasite, while praziquantel is the drug of choice for the mass treatment of the disease since no vaccines have yet been developed. Most of the previous reviews on schistosomiasis have concentrated on epidemiology, life cycle, diagnosis, control and treatment. Thus, a comprehensive review that is in tune with modern developments is needed. Here, we extend this domain to cover historical perspectives, global impact, symptoms and detection, biochemical and molecular characterization, gene therapy, current drugs and vaccine status. We also discuss the prospects of using plants as potential and alternative sources of novel anti-schistosomal agents. Furthermore, we highlight advanced molecular techniques, imaging and artificial intelligence that may be useful in the future detection and treatment of the disease. Overall, the proper detection of schistosomiasis using state-of-the-art tools and techniques, as well as development of vaccines or new anti-schistosomal drugs may aid in the elimination of the disease.
摘要：
血吸虫病,一种被忽视的热带病，影响人类和动物，是由血吸虫属的吸虫引起的。这种疾病是由几种影响尿道等器官的血吸虫引起的，肝脏,膀胱,肠子,皮肤和胆管。该疾病的生命周期涉及中间宿主(蜗牛)和哺乳动物宿主。它影响靠近中间宿主丰富的水体的人。该疾病在各个阶段的常见临床表现包括发烧，发冷,头痛,咳嗽,排尿困难,增生和肾积水。迄今为止,大多数控制策略都依赖于有效的诊断，关于媒介和寄生虫生物学的化疗和公共卫生教育。显微镜（Kato-Katz）被认为是检测寄生虫的黄金标准，而吡喹酮是大规模治疗该疾病的首选药物，因为尚未开发出疫苗。以往有关血吸虫病的综述大多集中在流行病学方面,生命周期,诊断,控制和治疗。因此，需要进行符合现代发展的全面审查。这里,我们扩展这个领域以涵盖历史观点，全球影响,症状和检测，生化和分子表征，基因治疗,目前的药物和疫苗状况。我们还讨论了将植物用作新型抗血吸虫剂的潜在和替代来源的前景。此外，我们强调先进的分子技术，成像和人工智能可能在未来的疾病检测和治疗中有用。总的来说,使用最先进的工具和技术正确检测血吸虫病，以及疫苗或新的抗血吸虫药物的开发可能有助于消除这种疾病。
