Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Drug use in prisons remains a public health concern because it is often the place of drug initiation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the drug use in prison in Burkina Faso.
METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional study in the prison of Ouagadougou. The adult prisoners (male and female) incarcerated for more than one month at the largest prison of Burkina Faso were included in the study. Participants were selected using a systematic random sampling. Data were collected from October 28 to November 26, 2018. The face-to-face interviews were conducted in the prison grounds. Logistic multivariate regression was used to identify factors associated with in prison drug use. All analysis was done using Stata.
RESULTS: A total of 379 prisoners were included in this study. Approximately one-third inmates (32.71%; n = 124) experienced illicit drug in lifetime. Nearly one-third (28.76%; n = 109) of the prisoners were drug users before incarceration and 11.87% (n = 45) used drug inside the prison, of which 33.33% (n = 15) initiated drug use in the prison. Cannabis was the first drug used by the prisoners (71.11%) followed by tramadol (62.22%), diazepam (13.33%) and cocaine (2.22%). Four prisoners (3.63%) had reported Heroin use before incarceration. Cannabis was mainly smoked. Tramadol, diazepam and amphetamines were swallowed or mixed with food. Cocaine is smoked and snorted. Case of injection of cocaine and heroin was reported before incarceration. Main factors independently associated with drug use in prison is drug use before prison and young age of inmates. Indeed, inmates who had reported drug use before prison had 4.01 time {adjusted odd ratio (AOR: 4.01 [95% CI: 1.91-8.41])} higher odds to use drug in prison.
CONCLUSIONS: To conduct the interviews in the prison grounds could be a limitation due to social desirability bias. Indeed, the prisoners may understate drug use in prison for the fear of likely additional sentence. Availability of biological tests for drug markers might help addressed this bias. Nevertheless, the findings of this study should help to plan effective drug use prevention and care programs for prisoners.
CONCLUSIONS: The actions must include the implementation of a medical and psychological care in continuum of healthcare system in Burkina Faso. This system should include screening at entry and adequate health and psychological care in prison for drug users for an effective control of drugs use in prison.
CONCLUSIONS: Most of these drug users in prison have a low level of education and are unemployed. Education activities and training on occupational activities to prepare drug users for a successful social reintegration less dependent on drugs is essential. This study can be a basis to explore more possibilities and find out what is available to help those with substance use disorder, manage these cases in prison and prevent relapse on release.
CONCLUSIONS: To the best of the authors\' knowledge, this study is the first study on drug use in prison in Burkina Faso. It indicates that the repressive strategy against drug use seems ineffective because former users continue their consumption inside and also new users are initiated to use drugs in prison.
METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional study in the prison of Ouagadougou. The adult prisoners (male and female) incarcerated for more than one month at the largest prison of Burkina Faso were included in the study. Participants were selected using a systematic random sampling. Data were collected from October 28 to November 26, 2018. The face-to-face interviews were conducted in the prison grounds. Logistic multivariate regression was used to identify factors associated with in prison drug use. All analysis was done using Stata.
RESULTS: A total of 379 prisoners were included in this study. Approximately one-third inmates (32.71%; n = 124) experienced illicit drug in lifetime. Nearly one-third (28.76%; n = 109) of the prisoners were drug users before incarceration and 11.87% (n = 45) used drug inside the prison, of which 33.33% (n = 15) initiated drug use in the prison. Cannabis was the first drug used by the prisoners (71.11%) followed by tramadol (62.22%), diazepam (13.33%) and cocaine (2.22%). Four prisoners (3.63%) had reported Heroin use before incarceration. Cannabis was mainly smoked. Tramadol, diazepam and amphetamines were swallowed or mixed with food. Cocaine is smoked and snorted. Case of injection of cocaine and heroin was reported before incarceration. Main factors independently associated with drug use in prison is drug use before prison and young age of inmates. Indeed, inmates who had reported drug use before prison had 4.01 time {adjusted odd ratio (AOR: 4.01 [95% CI: 1.91-8.41])} higher odds to use drug in prison.
CONCLUSIONS: To conduct the interviews in the prison grounds could be a limitation due to social desirability bias. Indeed, the prisoners may understate drug use in prison for the fear of likely additional sentence. Availability of biological tests for drug markers might help addressed this bias. Nevertheless, the findings of this study should help to plan effective drug use prevention and care programs for prisoners.
CONCLUSIONS: The actions must include the implementation of a medical and psychological care in continuum of healthcare system in Burkina Faso. This system should include screening at entry and adequate health and psychological care in prison for drug users for an effective control of drugs use in prison.
CONCLUSIONS: Most of these drug users in prison have a low level of education and are unemployed. Education activities and training on occupational activities to prepare drug users for a successful social reintegration less dependent on drugs is essential. This study can be a basis to explore more possibilities and find out what is available to help those with substance use disorder, manage these cases in prison and prevent relapse on release.
CONCLUSIONS: To the best of the authors\' knowledge, this study is the first study on drug use in prison in Burkina Faso. It indicates that the repressive strategy against drug use seems ineffective because former users continue their consumption inside and also new users are initiated to use drugs in prison.
摘要：
目的：监狱中的药物使用仍然是一个公共卫生问题，因为它通常是药物开始的地方。本研究的目的是分析布基纳法索监狱中的毒品使用情况。
方法：我们在瓦加杜古监狱进行了横断面研究。该研究包括在布基纳法索最大监狱中被监禁超过一个月的成年囚犯（男性和女性）。参与者是使用系统随机抽样选择的。数据收集时间为2018年10月28日至11月26日。面对面的采访是在监狱里进行的。采用Logistic多因素回归分析确定监狱吸毒相关因素。所有分析均使用Stata进行。
结果：本研究共纳入379名囚犯。大约三分之一的囚犯（32.71％；n=124）一生中经历过非法药物。近三分之一(28.76%;n=109)的囚犯在被监禁前是吸毒者，11.87%(n=45)的囚犯在监狱内吸毒，其中33.33%(n=15)在监狱开始吸毒。大麻是囚犯使用的第一种药物（71.11％），其次是曲马多（62.22％），地西泮（13.33%）和可卡因（2.22%）。四名囚犯（3.63％）在监禁前报告使用海洛因。大麻主要是吸烟。曲马多,地西泮和苯丙胺被吞咽或与食物混合。可卡因被熏制和吸食。据报道，在监禁前注射了可卡因和海洛因。与监狱毒品使用独立相关的主要因素是监狱前的毒品使用和囚犯的年龄。的确,监狱前曾报告使用毒品的囚犯在监狱中使用毒品的几率为4.01倍{调整后的奇数比(AOR:4.01[95%CI:1.91-8.41])}。
结论：由于社会期望偏见，在监狱中进行访谈可能会受到限制。的确,囚犯可能会低估监狱中的毒品使用，因为担心可能会被额外判刑。药物标记物的生物测试的可用性可能有助于解决这种偏见。然而，这项研究的结果应该有助于为囚犯规划有效的药物使用预防和护理计划。
结论：这些行动必须包括在布基纳法索医疗保健系统的连续性中实施医疗和心理护理。该系统应包括在入境时进行筛查，并在监狱中为吸毒者提供适当的健康和心理护理，以有效控制监狱中的毒品使用。
结论：这些在监狱中的吸毒者大多数受教育程度低，失业。关于职业活动的教育活动和培训至关重要，以使吸毒者为成功重返社会做好准备，减少对毒品的依赖。这项研究可以作为探索更多可能性的基础，并找出可以帮助那些有物质使用障碍的人，在监狱中管理这些案件，防止释放后复发。
结论：据作者所知，这项研究是布基纳法索监狱中首次关于毒品使用的研究。这表明，针对毒品使用的镇压策略似乎无效，因为以前的使用者继续在内部消费，并且新使用者也开始在监狱中使用毒品。
方法：我们在瓦加杜古监狱进行了横断面研究。该研究包括在布基纳法索最大监狱中被监禁超过一个月的成年囚犯（男性和女性）。参与者是使用系统随机抽样选择的。数据收集时间为2018年10月28日至11月26日。面对面的采访是在监狱里进行的。采用Logistic多因素回归分析确定监狱吸毒相关因素。所有分析均使用Stata进行。
结果：本研究共纳入379名囚犯。大约三分之一的囚犯（32.71％；n=124）一生中经历过非法药物。近三分之一(28.76%;n=109)的囚犯在被监禁前是吸毒者，11.87%(n=45)的囚犯在监狱内吸毒，其中33.33%(n=15)在监狱开始吸毒。大麻是囚犯使用的第一种药物（71.11％），其次是曲马多（62.22％），地西泮（13.33%）和可卡因（2.22%）。四名囚犯（3.63％）在监禁前报告使用海洛因。大麻主要是吸烟。曲马多,地西泮和苯丙胺被吞咽或与食物混合。可卡因被熏制和吸食。据报道，在监禁前注射了可卡因和海洛因。与监狱毒品使用独立相关的主要因素是监狱前的毒品使用和囚犯的年龄。的确,监狱前曾报告使用毒品的囚犯在监狱中使用毒品的几率为4.01倍{调整后的奇数比(AOR:4.01[95%CI:1.91-8.41])}。
结论：由于社会期望偏见，在监狱中进行访谈可能会受到限制。的确,囚犯可能会低估监狱中的毒品使用，因为担心可能会被额外判刑。药物标记物的生物测试的可用性可能有助于解决这种偏见。然而，这项研究的结果应该有助于为囚犯规划有效的药物使用预防和护理计划。
结论：这些行动必须包括在布基纳法索医疗保健系统的连续性中实施医疗和心理护理。该系统应包括在入境时进行筛查，并在监狱中为吸毒者提供适当的健康和心理护理，以有效控制监狱中的毒品使用。
结论：这些在监狱中的吸毒者大多数受教育程度低，失业。关于职业活动的教育活动和培训至关重要，以使吸毒者为成功重返社会做好准备，减少对毒品的依赖。这项研究可以作为探索更多可能性的基础，并找出可以帮助那些有物质使用障碍的人，在监狱中管理这些案件，防止释放后复发。
结论：据作者所知，这项研究是布基纳法索监狱中首次关于毒品使用的研究。这表明，针对毒品使用的镇压策略似乎无效，因为以前的使用者继续在内部消费，并且新使用者也开始在监狱中使用毒品。
