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Abstract：
Soybean is a major source of protein and edible oil worldwide. Originating from the Huang-Huai-Hai region, which has a temperate climate, soybean has adapted to a wide latitudinal gradient across China. However, the genetic mechanisms responsible for the widespread latitudinal adaptation in soybean, as well as the genetic basis, adaptive differentiation, and evolutionary implications of theses natural alleles, are currently lacking in comprehensive understanding. In this study, we examined the genetic variations of fourteen major gene loci controlling flowering and maturity in 103 wild species, 1048 landraces, and 1747 cultivated species. We found that E1, E3, FT2a, J, Tof11, Tof16, and Tof18 were favoured during soybean improvement and selection, which explained 75.5% of the flowering time phenotypic variation. These genetic variation was significantly associated with differences in latitude via the LFMM algorithm. Haplotype network and geographic distribution analysis suggested that gene combinations were associated with flowering time diversity contributed to the expansion of soybean, with more HapA clustering together when soybean moved to latitudes beyond 35°N. The geographical evolution model was developed to accurately predict the suitable planting zone for soybean varieties. Collectively, by integrating knowledge from genomics and haplotype classification, it was revealed that distinct gene combinations improve the adaptation of cultivated soybeans to different latitudes. This study provides insight into the genetic basis underlying the environmental adaptation of soybean accessions, which could contribute to a better understanding of the domestication history of soybean and facilitate soybean climate-smart molecular breeding for various environments.
摘要：
大豆是世界范围内蛋白质和食用油的主要来源。起源于黄淮海地区，气候温和，大豆适应了中国广泛的纬度梯度。然而,负责大豆广泛的纬度适应的遗传机制，以及遗传基础，适应性分化，以及这些天然等位基因的进化意义，目前缺乏全面的了解。在这项研究中,我们检查了103种野生物种控制开花和成熟的14个主要基因位点的遗传变异，1048个地方品种,和1747种栽培物种。我们发现E1，E3，FT2a，J,在大豆改良和选择过程中，Tof11，Tof16和Tof18受到青睐，解释了75.5%的开花时间表型变异。通过LFMM算法，这些遗传变异与纬度差异显着相关。单倍型网络和地理分布分析表明，基因组合与开花时间多样性有关，有助于大豆的扩张。当大豆移动到超过35°N的纬度时，更多的HapA聚集在一起。建立了地理进化模型，以准确预测大豆品种的适宜种植区。总的来说，通过整合基因组学和单倍型分类的知识，研究表明，不同的基因组合提高了栽培大豆对不同纬度的适应性。这项研究提供了对大豆种质环境适应的遗传基础的见解，这可能有助于更好地了解大豆的驯化历史，并促进针对各种环境的大豆气候智能分子育种。
