PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The present longitudinal investigation had two major goals. First, we intended to clarify whether depressed patients are characterized by impairments of emotional awareness for the self and the other during acute illness and whether these impairments diminish in the course of an inpatient psychiatric treatment program. Previous research based on the performance measure Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) provided inconsistent findings concerning emotional self-awareness in clinical depression. Second, we investigated whether cognitive and affective empathic abilities change from acute illness to recovery in depressed patients.
METHODS: Fifty-eight depressed patients were tested on admission and after 6-8 weeks of inpatient psychiatric treatment. A sample of fifty-three healthy individuals were also examined twice at an interval of 6-8 weeks. The LEAS and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) were administered to assess emotional awareness and empathic abilities. Written texts were digitalized and then analyzed using the electronic scoring program geLEAS, the German electronic Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale.
RESULTS: Depressed patients reported more depressive symptoms than healthy controls and less severe depressive symptomatology at time 2 compared to time 1. Independent of time, depressed individuals tended to show lower geLEAS self scores and had lower geLEAS other scores than healthy individuals. Depressed patients showed higher personal distress scores than healthy individuals at both measurement times. No group differences were observed for the cognitive empathy scales of the IRI (perspective taking and fantasy) and empathic concern, but empathic concern decreased significantly in depressed patients from time 1 to time 2. Empathic abilities as assessed by the IRI were not significantly correlated with emotional awareness for others, neither in the whole sample, nor in the patient and control subsample.
CONCLUSIONS: Depressed patients seem to be characterized by impairments in emotional awareness of others during acute illness and recovery, but they also tend to show deficits in emotional self-awareness compared to healthy individuals. Self-reported cognitive empathic abilities seem to be at normal levels in depressed patients, but their heightened self-focused affective empathy may represent a vulnerability factor for depressive disorders.
METHODS: Fifty-eight depressed patients were tested on admission and after 6-8 weeks of inpatient psychiatric treatment. A sample of fifty-three healthy individuals were also examined twice at an interval of 6-8 weeks. The LEAS and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) were administered to assess emotional awareness and empathic abilities. Written texts were digitalized and then analyzed using the electronic scoring program geLEAS, the German electronic Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale.
RESULTS: Depressed patients reported more depressive symptoms than healthy controls and less severe depressive symptomatology at time 2 compared to time 1. Independent of time, depressed individuals tended to show lower geLEAS self scores and had lower geLEAS other scores than healthy individuals. Depressed patients showed higher personal distress scores than healthy individuals at both measurement times. No group differences were observed for the cognitive empathy scales of the IRI (perspective taking and fantasy) and empathic concern, but empathic concern decreased significantly in depressed patients from time 1 to time 2. Empathic abilities as assessed by the IRI were not significantly correlated with emotional awareness for others, neither in the whole sample, nor in the patient and control subsample.
CONCLUSIONS: Depressed patients seem to be characterized by impairments in emotional awareness of others during acute illness and recovery, but they also tend to show deficits in emotional self-awareness compared to healthy individuals. Self-reported cognitive empathic abilities seem to be at normal levels in depressed patients, but their heightened self-focused affective empathy may represent a vulnerability factor for depressive disorders.
摘要：
背景：目前的纵向调查有两个主要目标。首先,我们旨在澄清抑郁症患者在急性疾病期间是否表现为对自我和他人的情绪意识受损，以及这些受损在住院精神病治疗计划期间是否减轻。先前基于情绪意识量表（LEAS）的绩效测量水平的研究提供了有关临床抑郁症中情绪自我意识的不一致发现。第二,我们调查了抑郁症患者的认知和情感共情能力从急性疾病到康复是否发生变化。
方法：58名抑郁症患者在入院时和住院精神病治疗6-8周后进行测试。还以6-8周的间隔对53个健康个体的样本进行了两次检查。LEAS和人际反应指数（IRI）用于评估情绪意识和移情能力。将书面文本数字化，然后使用电子评分程序geLEAS进行分析，德国电子情感意识水平量表。
结果：抑郁患者报告的抑郁症状比健康对照组更多，与第1时间相比，第2时间的抑郁症状症状较少。独立于时间，与健康个体相比,抑郁个体倾向于表现出较低的geLEAS自我评分,并且具有较低的geLEAS其他评分.在两个测量时间，抑郁患者的个人困扰评分均高于健康个体。IRI（透视和幻想）和移情关注的认知移情量表未观察到组差异，但是从时间1到时间2，抑郁症患者的共情关注显着下降。IRI评估的移情能力与他人的情绪意识没有显着相关，在整个样本中都没有，在患者和对照子样本中也没有。
结论：抑郁患者在急性疾病和康复期间似乎表现为他人的情绪意识受损，但与健康个体相比，他们也倾向于表现出情感自我意识的缺陷。抑郁症患者自我报告的认知移情能力似乎处于正常水平，但是他们自我集中的情感同理心的增强可能代表了抑郁症的脆弱性因素。
方法：58名抑郁症患者在入院时和住院精神病治疗6-8周后进行测试。还以6-8周的间隔对53个健康个体的样本进行了两次检查。LEAS和人际反应指数（IRI）用于评估情绪意识和移情能力。将书面文本数字化，然后使用电子评分程序geLEAS进行分析，德国电子情感意识水平量表。
结果：抑郁患者报告的抑郁症状比健康对照组更多，与第1时间相比，第2时间的抑郁症状症状较少。独立于时间，与健康个体相比,抑郁个体倾向于表现出较低的geLEAS自我评分,并且具有较低的geLEAS其他评分.在两个测量时间，抑郁患者的个人困扰评分均高于健康个体。IRI（透视和幻想）和移情关注的认知移情量表未观察到组差异，但是从时间1到时间2，抑郁症患者的共情关注显着下降。IRI评估的移情能力与他人的情绪意识没有显着相关，在整个样本中都没有，在患者和对照子样本中也没有。
结论：抑郁患者在急性疾病和康复期间似乎表现为他人的情绪意识受损，但与健康个体相比，他们也倾向于表现出情感自我意识的缺陷。抑郁症患者自我报告的认知移情能力似乎处于正常水平，但是他们自我集中的情感同理心的增强可能代表了抑郁症的脆弱性因素。
