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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) measures the self-confidence of the individual in functional activities after a stroke. The SSEQ is a self-report scale with 13 items that assess self-efficacy after a stroke in several functional domains.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to translate the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire into Urdu Language and to find out the validity and reliability of Urdu SSEQ among stroke patients.
METHODS: The cross-cultural validation study design was used. Following COSMIN guidelines, forward and backward translation protocols were adopted. After pilot testing on 10 stroke patients, the final Urdu version was drafted. A sample of 110 stroke patients was used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the SSEQ-U. Content and Concurrent validity were determined. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach\'s alpha were used to measure internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.
RESULTS: The final version was drafted after application on 10 stroke patients. Content validity was analyzed by a content validity index ranging from 0.87 to 1. The internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach\'s alpha (α > 0.80). Test-retest reliability was determined by the Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1=0.956). Concurrent validity was determined by correlations with other scales by using the Spearman correlation coefficient; moderate to strong correlations (positive and negative) were found with the Functional Independence Measure (r = 0.76), Beck Depression Inventory (r=-0.54), Short Form of 12-item Scale (r = 0.68) and Fall Efficacy Scale (r = 0.82) with p < 0.05.
CONCLUSIONS: The Urdu version was linguistically acceptable and accurate for stroke survivors for determining self-efficacy. It showed good content and concurrent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to translate the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire into Urdu Language and to find out the validity and reliability of Urdu SSEQ among stroke patients.
METHODS: The cross-cultural validation study design was used. Following COSMIN guidelines, forward and backward translation protocols were adopted. After pilot testing on 10 stroke patients, the final Urdu version was drafted. A sample of 110 stroke patients was used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the SSEQ-U. Content and Concurrent validity were determined. The intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach\'s alpha were used to measure internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.
RESULTS: The final version was drafted after application on 10 stroke patients. Content validity was analyzed by a content validity index ranging from 0.87 to 1. The internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach\'s alpha (α > 0.80). Test-retest reliability was determined by the Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1=0.956). Concurrent validity was determined by correlations with other scales by using the Spearman correlation coefficient; moderate to strong correlations (positive and negative) were found with the Functional Independence Measure (r = 0.76), Beck Depression Inventory (r=-0.54), Short Form of 12-item Scale (r = 0.68) and Fall Efficacy Scale (r = 0.82) with p < 0.05.
CONCLUSIONS: The Urdu version was linguistically acceptable and accurate for stroke survivors for determining self-efficacy. It showed good content and concurrent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
摘要：
背景：卒中自我效能问卷（SSEQ）测量个体在卒中后功能活动中的自信心。SSEQ是一个自我报告量表，有13个项目，在几个功能域中评估中风后的自我效能。
目的：目的是将卒中自我效能感问卷翻译成乌尔都语，并了解乌尔都语SSEQ在卒中患者中的效度和信度。
方法：采用跨文化验证研究设计。按照COSMIN的指导方针,采用了前向和后向翻译协议。在对10名中风患者进行试点测试后，最终的乌尔都语版本起草。使用110名中风患者的样本来评估SSEQ-U的有效性和可靠性。确定内容和并发有效性。使用组内相关系数和Cronbach'sα来测量内部一致性和重测可靠性。使用SPSS25进行数据分析。
结果：最终版本是在应用于10名中风患者后起草的。内容效度通过范围为0.87至1的内容效度指数进行分析。内部稠度由Cronbachα计算(α>0.80)。重测可靠性由类内相关系数(ICC2,1=0.956)确定。通过使用Spearman相关系数与其他量表的相关性来确定并发效度；与功能独立性度量（r=0.76）发现了中度到强烈的相关性（正和负），贝克抑郁量表(r=-0.54)，简短的12项量表（r=0.68）和跌倒功效量表（r=0.82），p<0.05。
结论：乌尔都语版本在语言上是可接受的，并且对于中风幸存者确定自我效能是准确的。它显示了良好的内容和并发有效性，内部一致性和重测可靠性。
目的：目的是将卒中自我效能感问卷翻译成乌尔都语，并了解乌尔都语SSEQ在卒中患者中的效度和信度。
方法：采用跨文化验证研究设计。按照COSMIN的指导方针,采用了前向和后向翻译协议。在对10名中风患者进行试点测试后，最终的乌尔都语版本起草。使用110名中风患者的样本来评估SSEQ-U的有效性和可靠性。确定内容和并发有效性。使用组内相关系数和Cronbach'sα来测量内部一致性和重测可靠性。使用SPSS25进行数据分析。
结果：最终版本是在应用于10名中风患者后起草的。内容效度通过范围为0.87至1的内容效度指数进行分析。内部稠度由Cronbachα计算(α>0.80)。重测可靠性由类内相关系数(ICC2,1=0.956)确定。通过使用Spearman相关系数与其他量表的相关性来确定并发效度；与功能独立性度量（r=0.76）发现了中度到强烈的相关性（正和负），贝克抑郁量表(r=-0.54)，简短的12项量表（r=0.68）和跌倒功效量表（r=0.82），p<0.05。
结论：乌尔都语版本在语言上是可接受的，并且对于中风幸存者确定自我效能是准确的。它显示了良好的内容和并发有效性，内部一致性和重测可靠性。
