Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Pomegranate peel waste is a valuable reservoir of heat-sensitive total hydrolysable tannins (THT), with potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals. Preserving THT is challenging due to degradation post-extraction. We explore ionic gelation as an encapsulation method to optimize THT utilization.
RESULTS: Through external gelation, we optimized the process variables using Box-Behnken design. At 40 g kg-1 sodium alginate, 25 g kg-1 calcium chloride, and 300 g kg-1 pomegranate peel extract (PPE), we achieved an 83.65% encapsulation efficiency. Compared to spray drying, external gelation demonstrated superior performance, with enhanced release percentages and stability. Physical, phytochemical, and release profiles of encapsulates were extensively analysed. External gelation achieved an 87.5% release in 30 min, outperforming spray-dried counterparts (69.7% in 25 min). Encapsulated PPE exhibited robust antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) in powdered infant formula, with a 32 ± 0.01 mm zone of inhibition and 300 μg mL-1 minimum inhibitory concentration. Insights into S. aureus growth curves underlined the mechanism of action via membrane potential alterations. The results of carried investigations also showed that the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PPE extracts against the targeted organism was identical to the antibacterial activity exhibited by synthetic antibiotics used generally to kill microorganisms in food. Therefore, from the findings, it can be concluded that the PPE encapsulate produced using the external gelation technique at the optimized condition displayed superior storage stability possessing strong antimicrobial activity when compared to encapsulate produced using the spray drying technique.
CONCLUSIONS: External gelation emerges as a potent technique for developing effective encapsulates enriched with natural antimicrobials or antibiotics. This approach holds promise for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals, enhancing stability and efficacy while reducing reliance on synthetic antibiotics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
RESULTS: Through external gelation, we optimized the process variables using Box-Behnken design. At 40 g kg-1 sodium alginate, 25 g kg-1 calcium chloride, and 300 g kg-1 pomegranate peel extract (PPE), we achieved an 83.65% encapsulation efficiency. Compared to spray drying, external gelation demonstrated superior performance, with enhanced release percentages and stability. Physical, phytochemical, and release profiles of encapsulates were extensively analysed. External gelation achieved an 87.5% release in 30 min, outperforming spray-dried counterparts (69.7% in 25 min). Encapsulated PPE exhibited robust antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) in powdered infant formula, with a 32 ± 0.01 mm zone of inhibition and 300 μg mL-1 minimum inhibitory concentration. Insights into S. aureus growth curves underlined the mechanism of action via membrane potential alterations. The results of carried investigations also showed that the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PPE extracts against the targeted organism was identical to the antibacterial activity exhibited by synthetic antibiotics used generally to kill microorganisms in food. Therefore, from the findings, it can be concluded that the PPE encapsulate produced using the external gelation technique at the optimized condition displayed superior storage stability possessing strong antimicrobial activity when compared to encapsulate produced using the spray drying technique.
CONCLUSIONS: External gelation emerges as a potent technique for developing effective encapsulates enriched with natural antimicrobials or antibiotics. This approach holds promise for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals, enhancing stability and efficacy while reducing reliance on synthetic antibiotics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
摘要：
背景：石榴皮废料是热敏总水解单宁（THT）的宝贵储库，在食品和药品中具有潜在的应用。由于提取后的降解，保存THT具有挑战性。我们探索离子凝胶化作为优化THT利用的封装方法。
结果：通过外部凝胶化，我们使用Box-Behnken设计优化了过程变量。在40gkg-1海藻酸钠下，25gkg-1氯化钙，和300克kg-1石榴皮提取物（PPE），我们实现了83.65%的封装效率。与喷雾干燥相比,外部凝胶化表现出优越的性能，具有增强的释放百分比和稳定性。Physical,植物化学，和胶囊的释放曲线进行了广泛的分析。外部凝胶在30分钟内达到87.5%的释放,优于喷雾干燥的对应物(25分钟内69.7%)。封装的PPE在婴儿配方奶粉中对金黄色葡萄球菌（ATCC25923）表现出强大的抗菌活性，具有32±0.01mm的抑制区和300μgmL-1的最小抑制浓度。对金黄色葡萄球菌生长曲线的见解强调了通过膜电位改变的作用机制。所进行的研究的结果还表明,包封的PPE提取物对目标生物体的抗菌活性与通常用于杀死食物中的微生物的合成抗生素所表现出的抗菌活性相同。因此,从调查结果来看，可以得出结论,当与使用喷雾干燥技术生产的包封物相比时,在优化条件下使用外部凝胶化技术生产的PPE包封物显示出具有强抗微生物活性的优异的储存稳定性。
结论：外部凝胶化是开发富含天然抗微生物剂或抗生素的有效胶囊的有效技术。这种方法有望在食品中应用，制药，和营养食品，增强稳定性和功效，同时减少对合成抗生素的依赖。©2024化学工业学会。
结果：通过外部凝胶化，我们使用Box-Behnken设计优化了过程变量。在40gkg-1海藻酸钠下，25gkg-1氯化钙，和300克kg-1石榴皮提取物（PPE），我们实现了83.65%的封装效率。与喷雾干燥相比,外部凝胶化表现出优越的性能，具有增强的释放百分比和稳定性。Physical,植物化学，和胶囊的释放曲线进行了广泛的分析。外部凝胶在30分钟内达到87.5%的释放,优于喷雾干燥的对应物(25分钟内69.7%)。封装的PPE在婴儿配方奶粉中对金黄色葡萄球菌（ATCC25923）表现出强大的抗菌活性，具有32±0.01mm的抑制区和300μgmL-1的最小抑制浓度。对金黄色葡萄球菌生长曲线的见解强调了通过膜电位改变的作用机制。所进行的研究的结果还表明,包封的PPE提取物对目标生物体的抗菌活性与通常用于杀死食物中的微生物的合成抗生素所表现出的抗菌活性相同。因此,从调查结果来看，可以得出结论,当与使用喷雾干燥技术生产的包封物相比时,在优化条件下使用外部凝胶化技术生产的PPE包封物显示出具有强抗微生物活性的优异的储存稳定性。
结论：外部凝胶化是开发富含天然抗微生物剂或抗生素的有效胶囊的有效技术。这种方法有望在食品中应用，制药，和营养食品，增强稳定性和功效，同时减少对合成抗生素的依赖。©2024化学工业学会。
