PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Gambling is a popular leisure activity in many countries, often expected to boost regional economies. Nevertheless, its negative impacts remain a significant concern. Gambling disorder is recognized as the most severe consequence; however, even non- or low-risk gamblers may also face negative impacts. This study aimed to estimate the number of Japanese gamblers experiencing gambling-related harm (GRH) and its distribution across six life domains, financial, relational, emotional, health, social and other aspects, based on the severity of their problem gambling risk.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study relied on an online survey conducted between August 5 and 11, 2020. Participants aged 20 years and above, who engaged in gambling during 2019 were recruited via a market research company. The survey assessed the prevalence of GRH 72 items among four gambler risk groups (non-problem, low-, moderate-, and high-risk), as categorized by the Problem Gambling Severity Index. The data was adjusted for population weighting using representative national survey data: the 2017 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions and the 2017 Epidemiological Survey on Gambling Addictions.
RESULTS: Out of the 28,016 individuals invited to the survey, 6,124 participated in the screening, 3,113 in the main survey, and 3,063 provided valid responses. After adjusting the survey data, it was estimated that 39.0 million (30.8%) of Japan\'s 126.8 million citizens gambled in 2019. Among them, 4.44 million (11.4%) experienced financial harm, 2.70 million (6.9%) health harm, 2.54 million (6.5%) emotional harm, 1.31 million (3.4%) work/study harm, 1.28 million (3.3%) relationship harm, and 0.46 million (1.2%) other harm. Although high-risk gamblers experienced severe harm at the individual level, over 60% of gamblers who experienced GRHs were non- and low-risk gamblers, with the exception of other harm, at the population level.
CONCLUSIONS: The study highlighted the prevention paradox of gambling in Japan. While national gambling policies primarily focus on the prevention and intervention for high-risk gamblers, a more effective approach would involve minimizing GRH across the entire population.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study relied on an online survey conducted between August 5 and 11, 2020. Participants aged 20 years and above, who engaged in gambling during 2019 were recruited via a market research company. The survey assessed the prevalence of GRH 72 items among four gambler risk groups (non-problem, low-, moderate-, and high-risk), as categorized by the Problem Gambling Severity Index. The data was adjusted for population weighting using representative national survey data: the 2017 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions and the 2017 Epidemiological Survey on Gambling Addictions.
RESULTS: Out of the 28,016 individuals invited to the survey, 6,124 participated in the screening, 3,113 in the main survey, and 3,063 provided valid responses. After adjusting the survey data, it was estimated that 39.0 million (30.8%) of Japan\'s 126.8 million citizens gambled in 2019. Among them, 4.44 million (11.4%) experienced financial harm, 2.70 million (6.9%) health harm, 2.54 million (6.5%) emotional harm, 1.31 million (3.4%) work/study harm, 1.28 million (3.3%) relationship harm, and 0.46 million (1.2%) other harm. Although high-risk gamblers experienced severe harm at the individual level, over 60% of gamblers who experienced GRHs were non- and low-risk gamblers, with the exception of other harm, at the population level.
CONCLUSIONS: The study highlighted the prevention paradox of gambling in Japan. While national gambling policies primarily focus on the prevention and intervention for high-risk gamblers, a more effective approach would involve minimizing GRH across the entire population.
摘要：
背景：赌博在许多国家都是一种流行的休闲活动，通常预计会促进区域经济。然而，其负面影响仍然令人严重关切。赌博障碍被认为是最严重的后果；然而，即使是非或低风险的赌徒也可能面临负面影响。这项研究旨在估计经历赌博相关伤害（GRH）的日本赌徒的数量及其在六个生活领域的分布，金融,关系,情感,健康,社会和其他方面，根据他们赌博风险问题的严重性。
方法：这项横断面研究依赖于2020年8月5日至11日进行的在线调查。20岁及以上的参与者，在2019年期间从事赌博的人是通过市场研究公司招募的。该调查评估了四个赌徒风险群体中GRH72项的患病率(无问题，低,moderate-,和高风险)，按问题赌博严重性指数分类。使用代表性的国家调查数据对数据进行了人口权重调整：2017年生活条件综合调查和2017年赌博成瘾流行病学调查。
结果：在邀请参加调查的28,016人中，6,124人参加了筛选，在主要调查中，3113人，3,063人提供了有效的答复。调整调查数据后，据估计，2019年日本1.268亿公民中有3900万人（30.8%）参与赌博。其中,444万（11.4%）遭受财务损害，270万（6.9%）健康危害，254万（6.5%）情感伤害，131万（3.4%）工作/学习伤害，128万（3.3%）关系伤害，和46万（1.2%）其他伤害。尽管高风险赌徒在个人层面遭受了严重伤害，超过60%的经历过GRH的赌徒是非低风险赌徒，除了其他伤害，在人口层面。
结论：该研究强调了日本赌博的预防悖论。虽然国家赌博政策主要侧重于高风险赌徒的预防和干预，更有效的方法包括在整个人群中尽量减少GRH.
方法：这项横断面研究依赖于2020年8月5日至11日进行的在线调查。20岁及以上的参与者，在2019年期间从事赌博的人是通过市场研究公司招募的。该调查评估了四个赌徒风险群体中GRH72项的患病率(无问题，低,moderate-,和高风险)，按问题赌博严重性指数分类。使用代表性的国家调查数据对数据进行了人口权重调整：2017年生活条件综合调查和2017年赌博成瘾流行病学调查。
结果：在邀请参加调查的28,016人中，6,124人参加了筛选，在主要调查中，3113人，3,063人提供了有效的答复。调整调查数据后，据估计，2019年日本1.268亿公民中有3900万人（30.8%）参与赌博。其中,444万（11.4%）遭受财务损害，270万（6.9%）健康危害，254万（6.5%）情感伤害，131万（3.4%）工作/学习伤害，128万（3.3%）关系伤害，和46万（1.2%）其他伤害。尽管高风险赌徒在个人层面遭受了严重伤害，超过60%的经历过GRH的赌徒是非低风险赌徒，除了其他伤害，在人口层面。
结论：该研究强调了日本赌博的预防悖论。虽然国家赌博政策主要侧重于高风险赌徒的预防和干预，更有效的方法包括在整个人群中尽量减少GRH.
