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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is widely recognised as a significant risk factor for oral cancer and periodontal diseases. However, the relationship between various types of tobacco use and dental caries has been inconsistent. This study aimed to determine the association between smoking and smokeless tobacco and dental caries among patients in a tertiary care hospital in Quetta, Pakistan.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021 among patients in a tertiary care hospital in Quetta, Pakistan. Oral examinations and interviews were performed according to the WHO Oral Health Survey basic methods (5th edition) to determine dental caries status, tobacco use, and oral health behaviours. The odds ratio and binary logistic regression were analysed to assess the association between the types (smoking tobacco, smokeless tobacco, and use of both types), duration, and frequency of tobacco use and high caries level (DMFT ≥ 5).
RESULTS: Four hundred participants aged 18-65 were included, and 67.8% were tobacco users. Use of both smoking and smokeless tobacco (aOR = 14.7, 95%CI = 1.87-115.96, p = 0.011), smokeless tobacco only (aOR = 5.90, 95%CI = 1.89-18.37, p = 0.002), and smoking only (aOR = 2.18, 95%CI = 1.23-3.88, p = 0.008) were associated with significantly increased risk of high caries. Using tobacco for longer periods and more frequently daily also significantly increases the risk of high caries.
CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and smokeless tobacco are significantly associated with high dental caries after adjusting for other factors. Due to the high severity of dental caries and the high prevalence of tobacco use among Pakistani patients in this study, it is highly recommended to strengthen policies aimed at reducing tobacco usage, including smokeless forms.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021 among patients in a tertiary care hospital in Quetta, Pakistan. Oral examinations and interviews were performed according to the WHO Oral Health Survey basic methods (5th edition) to determine dental caries status, tobacco use, and oral health behaviours. The odds ratio and binary logistic regression were analysed to assess the association between the types (smoking tobacco, smokeless tobacco, and use of both types), duration, and frequency of tobacco use and high caries level (DMFT ≥ 5).
RESULTS: Four hundred participants aged 18-65 were included, and 67.8% were tobacco users. Use of both smoking and smokeless tobacco (aOR = 14.7, 95%CI = 1.87-115.96, p = 0.011), smokeless tobacco only (aOR = 5.90, 95%CI = 1.89-18.37, p = 0.002), and smoking only (aOR = 2.18, 95%CI = 1.23-3.88, p = 0.008) were associated with significantly increased risk of high caries. Using tobacco for longer periods and more frequently daily also significantly increases the risk of high caries.
CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and smokeless tobacco are significantly associated with high dental caries after adjusting for other factors. Due to the high severity of dental caries and the high prevalence of tobacco use among Pakistani patients in this study, it is highly recommended to strengthen policies aimed at reducing tobacco usage, including smokeless forms.
摘要：
背景：烟草使用被广泛认为是口腔癌和牙周病的重要危险因素。然而,各种烟草使用与龋齿之间的关系不一致。这项研究旨在确定奎达三级医院患者吸烟与无烟烟草和龋齿之间的关系。巴基斯坦。
方法：这项横断面研究于2020年11月至2021年3月在奎达三级医院的患者中进行，巴基斯坦。根据世界卫生组织口腔健康调查基本方法（第5版）进行口腔检查和访谈，以确定龋齿状况，烟草使用,和口腔健康行为。分析了比值比和二元逻辑回归，以评估类型之间的关联(吸烟烟草，无烟烟草,并使用这两种类型)，持续时间,烟草使用频率和高龋齿水平（DMFT≥5）。
结果：纳入了400名18-65岁的参与者，烟草使用者占67.8%。同时使用吸烟和无烟烟草（aOR=14.7，95CI=1.87-115.96，p=0.011），无烟烟草（aOR=5.90，95CI=1.89-18.37，p=0.002），仅吸烟（aOR=2.18，95CI=1.23-3.88，p=0.008）与高龋风险显着增加相关。长期使用烟草并且每天更频繁地使用烟草也显著增加高龋齿的风险。
结论：在调整其他因素后，吸烟和无烟烟草与高龋齿显著相关。由于在这项研究中，巴基斯坦患者龋齿的严重程度和烟草使用的高患病率，强烈建议加强旨在减少烟草使用的政策，包括无烟形式。
方法：这项横断面研究于2020年11月至2021年3月在奎达三级医院的患者中进行，巴基斯坦。根据世界卫生组织口腔健康调查基本方法（第5版）进行口腔检查和访谈，以确定龋齿状况，烟草使用,和口腔健康行为。分析了比值比和二元逻辑回归，以评估类型之间的关联(吸烟烟草，无烟烟草,并使用这两种类型)，持续时间,烟草使用频率和高龋齿水平（DMFT≥5）。
结果：纳入了400名18-65岁的参与者，烟草使用者占67.8%。同时使用吸烟和无烟烟草（aOR=14.7，95CI=1.87-115.96，p=0.011），无烟烟草（aOR=5.90，95CI=1.89-18.37，p=0.002），仅吸烟（aOR=2.18，95CI=1.23-3.88，p=0.008）与高龋风险显着增加相关。长期使用烟草并且每天更频繁地使用烟草也显著增加高龋齿的风险。
结论：在调整其他因素后，吸烟和无烟烟草与高龋齿显著相关。由于在这项研究中，巴基斯坦患者龋齿的严重程度和烟草使用的高患病率，强烈建议加强旨在减少烟草使用的政策，包括无烟形式。
