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Abstract：
The Balanophorae are not only traditional Chinese herbal medicines but also functional foods with diverse sources. This study aimed to distinguish pharmacognostic characteristics and secondary metabolites among different species of Balanophorae. Eight species of Balanophorae herbs were harvested, including 21 batches with 209 samples. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze secondary metabolites of Balanophorae from 21 sources. Targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to compare differences among the groups. Rhopalocnemis phalloide and B. indica can be identified by their pharmacognostic characteristics. Then, 41 secondary metabolites were identified or characterized in the mixed extracts of the 209 samples, mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and their derivatives. The distribution of these secondary metabolites revealed apparent differences among different species. In addition, targeted metabolomic analysis suggested that the secondary metabolite profiles of seven species of Balanophorae showed noticeable differences, and differences were also observed among different growing regions. Finally, five important metabolic markers were screened to successfully distinguish B. laxiflora, B. harlandii, and B. polyandra, including three phenolic acids and two flavonoids. This is the first study to systematically compare both the morphology and secondary metabolites among different sources of Balanophorae, which could provide effective information for identifying diverse species.
摘要：
虎尾草不仅是传统的中草药，也是来源多样的功能性食品。本研究旨在区分不同种类Balanophorae的生药学特征和次生代谢产物。收获了八种虎尾草，包括21批209个样品。采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术分析了21种来源的Balanophorae的次生代谢产物。进行靶向代谢组学分析以比较各组之间的差异。可以通过它们的生药学特征来鉴定rhopalocnemisphalloide和B。然后，在209个样品的混合提取物中鉴定或表征了41个次生代谢物，主要是酚酸，黄酮类化合物，以及它们的衍生物。这些次生代谢物的分布显示出不同物种之间的明显差异。此外,有针对性的代谢组学分析表明，七种Balanophorae的次级代谢谱显示出明显的差异，不同生长区域之间也存在差异。最后,筛选了5个重要的代谢标志物，以成功区分拉花芽孢杆菌，B.Harlandii,和B.多andra,包括三种酚酸和两种黄酮类化合物。这是第一个系统比较不同来源的Balanophorae的形态和次生代谢产物的研究，这可以为识别不同物种提供有效的信息。
