Abstract：
This chapter provides an overarching view of the multifaceted aspects of milk β-casein, focusing on its genetic variants A1 and A2. The work examines the current landscape of A1-free milk versus regular milk, delving into health considerations, protein detection methods, technological impacts on dairy production, non-bovine protein, and potential avenues for future research. Firstly, it discussed ongoing debates surrounding categorizing milk based on A1 and A2 β-casein variants, highlighting challenges in establishing clear regulatory standards and quality control methods. The chapter also addressed the molecular distinction between A1 and A2 variants at position 67 of the amino acid chain. This trait affects protein conformation, casein micelle properties, and enzymatic susceptibility. Variations in β-casein across animal species are acknowledged, casting doubt on non-bovine claims of \"A2-like\" milk due to terminology and genetic differences. Lastly, this work explores the burgeoning field of biotechnology in milk production.
摘要：
本章提供了牛奶β-酪蛋白多方面的总体观点，专注于其遗传变异A1和A2。这项工作考察了无A1牛奶与普通牛奶的现状，深入研究健康考虑，蛋白质检测方法，对乳制品生产的技术影响，非牛蛋白,以及未来研究的潜在途径。首先,它讨论了围绕基于A1和A2β-酪蛋白变体对牛奶进行分类的争论，强调在建立明确的监管标准和质量控制方法方面的挑战。本章还讨论了氨基酸链67位A1和A2变体之间的分子区别。这种特性影响蛋白质构象，酪蛋白胶束特性,和酶敏感性。动物物种中β-酪蛋白的变化是公认的，由于术语和遗传差异，对“A2样”牛奶的非牛说法产生怀疑。最后,这项工作探索了生物技术在牛奶生产中的新兴领域。
