PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is a persistent public health problem as it is a risk factor for many diseases. Previous studies on the role of illegal drug use in cigarette smoking have yielded disparate and inconclusive results, hindering the development of effective intervention strategies to address this issue. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking and its associated factors, with a specific focus on the influence of illegal drug use among students in Ethiopia.
METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of international databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, CINAHL, African Journals Online, HINARI, Global Health, and Google and Google Scholar. Grey literature was also identified from various university digital libraries. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. Due to the high heterogeneity among the included studies (I2 = 98.6%; p-value <0.001), we employed a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI) to estimate the pooled effect using STATA 14 software. The publication bias was assessed using a statistical Egger regression test.
RESULTS: A total of 22 studies involving 18,144 students met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of lifetime and current cigarette smoking among students in Ethiopia was 13.8% (95% CI: 9.90-17.82) and 9.61% (95% CI: 7.19-12.03), respectively. Students who used illegal drugs were twenty-three times more likely to smoke cigarettes compared to their counterparts (OR = 23.57, 95% CI: 10.87-51.1). Living in urban settings (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.15-7.28) and the habit of alcohol consumption (OR = 4.79; 95% CI: 1.57-14.64) were also identified as factors associated with cigarette smoking.
CONCLUSIONS: We found that more than one in eight students in Ethiopia have engaged in lifetime cigarette smoking. Notably, students who used illegal drugs exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of cigarette smoking. In light of these findings, it is imperative to implement comprehensive public health interventions that target illegal drug use, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption, with a particular emphasis on urban residents.
METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of international databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, CINAHL, African Journals Online, HINARI, Global Health, and Google and Google Scholar. Grey literature was also identified from various university digital libraries. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. Due to the high heterogeneity among the included studies (I2 = 98.6%; p-value <0.001), we employed a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI) to estimate the pooled effect using STATA 14 software. The publication bias was assessed using a statistical Egger regression test.
RESULTS: A total of 22 studies involving 18,144 students met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of lifetime and current cigarette smoking among students in Ethiopia was 13.8% (95% CI: 9.90-17.82) and 9.61% (95% CI: 7.19-12.03), respectively. Students who used illegal drugs were twenty-three times more likely to smoke cigarettes compared to their counterparts (OR = 23.57, 95% CI: 10.87-51.1). Living in urban settings (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.15-7.28) and the habit of alcohol consumption (OR = 4.79; 95% CI: 1.57-14.64) were also identified as factors associated with cigarette smoking.
CONCLUSIONS: We found that more than one in eight students in Ethiopia have engaged in lifetime cigarette smoking. Notably, students who used illegal drugs exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of cigarette smoking. In light of these findings, it is imperative to implement comprehensive public health interventions that target illegal drug use, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption, with a particular emphasis on urban residents.
摘要：
背景：吸烟是一个持续存在的公共卫生问题，因为它是许多疾病的危险因素。先前关于非法使用毒品在吸烟中的作用的研究已经产生了不同和不确定的结果，阻碍制定有效的干预策略来解决这一问题。因此,本系统综述和荟萃分析旨在评估吸烟的合并患病率及其相关因素，特别关注埃塞俄比亚学生非法吸毒的影响。
方法：我们对国际数据库进行了全面搜索，包括PubMed,科克伦图书馆,科学直接，CINAHL,非洲在线期刊，Hinari,全球卫生,谷歌和谷歌学者。还从各个大学数字图书馆中发现了灰色文献。本研究遵循系统评价和荟萃分析方案（PRISMA）指南的首选报告项目。由于纳入研究的异质性高（I2=98.6%；p值<0.001），我们采用具有95%置信区间(CI)的随机效应模型,使用STATA14软件估算合并效应.使用统计Egger回归检验评估发表偏倚。
结果：共有22项研究涉及18,144名学生，符合本系统评价和荟萃分析的资格标准。埃塞俄比亚学生的终生和当前吸烟的合并患病率为13.8％（95％CI：9.90-17.82）和9.61％（95％CI：7.19-12.03），分别。使用非法药物的学生吸烟的可能性是同龄人的23倍（OR=23.57，95％CI：10.87-51.1）。生活在城市环境中（OR=2.9；95％CI：1.15-7.28）和饮酒习惯（OR=4.79；95％CI：1.57-14.64）也被确定为与吸烟相关的因素。
结论：我们发现埃塞俄比亚八分之一以上的学生从事终身吸烟。值得注意的是,使用非法药物的学生吸烟的可能性明显更高。根据这些发现,必须实施针对非法药物使用的全面公共卫生干预措施，吸烟,和酒精消费，特别强调城市居民。
方法：我们对国际数据库进行了全面搜索，包括PubMed,科克伦图书馆,科学直接，CINAHL,非洲在线期刊，Hinari,全球卫生,谷歌和谷歌学者。还从各个大学数字图书馆中发现了灰色文献。本研究遵循系统评价和荟萃分析方案（PRISMA）指南的首选报告项目。由于纳入研究的异质性高（I2=98.6%；p值<0.001），我们采用具有95%置信区间(CI)的随机效应模型,使用STATA14软件估算合并效应.使用统计Egger回归检验评估发表偏倚。
结果：共有22项研究涉及18,144名学生，符合本系统评价和荟萃分析的资格标准。埃塞俄比亚学生的终生和当前吸烟的合并患病率为13.8％（95％CI：9.90-17.82）和9.61％（95％CI：7.19-12.03），分别。使用非法药物的学生吸烟的可能性是同龄人的23倍（OR=23.57，95％CI：10.87-51.1）。生活在城市环境中（OR=2.9；95％CI：1.15-7.28）和饮酒习惯（OR=4.79；95％CI：1.57-14.64）也被确定为与吸烟相关的因素。
结论：我们发现埃塞俄比亚八分之一以上的学生从事终身吸烟。值得注意的是,使用非法药物的学生吸烟的可能性明显更高。根据这些发现,必须实施针对非法药物使用的全面公共卫生干预措施，吸烟,和酒精消费，特别强调城市居民。
