Abstract：
BACKGROUND: While it is well-established that humans possess an innate need for social belonging, the neural mechanisms underlying motivation for connection are still largely unknown. We propose that inclusion motivation - measured through the effort that individuals are willing to invest to be included in social interactions - may serve as one of the basic building blocks of social behavior and may change in lonely individuals.
METHODS: Following the screening of 303 participants, we scanned 30 low- and 28 high-loneliness individuals with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed the Active Inclusion Task (AIT). The AIT assesses the participants\' levels of effort invested in influencing their inclusion during classic Cyberball conditions of fair play and exclusion.
RESULTS: High- compared to low-loneliness individuals showed higher urgency for inclusion, specifically during fair play, which correlated with higher activity in the right thalamus. Furthermore, in high-loneliness individuals, we found increased functional connectivity between the thalamus and the temporoparietal junction, putamen, and insula.
CONCLUSIONS: Participants interacted with computerized avatars, reducing ecological validity. Additionally, although increasing inclusion in the task required action, the physical demand was not high. Additional limitations are discussed.
CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion motivation in loneliness is heightened during fair but not exclusionary interactions, and is linked to activity in brain regions implicated in appetitive behavior and social cognition. The findings indicate that lonely individuals may view threat in inclusionary interactions, prompting them to take action to regain connection. This suggests that inclusion motivation may help explain social difficulties in loneliness.
METHODS: Following the screening of 303 participants, we scanned 30 low- and 28 high-loneliness individuals with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed the Active Inclusion Task (AIT). The AIT assesses the participants\' levels of effort invested in influencing their inclusion during classic Cyberball conditions of fair play and exclusion.
RESULTS: High- compared to low-loneliness individuals showed higher urgency for inclusion, specifically during fair play, which correlated with higher activity in the right thalamus. Furthermore, in high-loneliness individuals, we found increased functional connectivity between the thalamus and the temporoparietal junction, putamen, and insula.
CONCLUSIONS: Participants interacted with computerized avatars, reducing ecological validity. Additionally, although increasing inclusion in the task required action, the physical demand was not high. Additional limitations are discussed.
CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion motivation in loneliness is heightened during fair but not exclusionary interactions, and is linked to activity in brain regions implicated in appetitive behavior and social cognition. The findings indicate that lonely individuals may view threat in inclusionary interactions, prompting them to take action to regain connection. This suggests that inclusion motivation may help explain social difficulties in loneliness.
摘要：
背景：虽然人们对社会归属感有着与生俱来的需求，连接动机的潜在神经机制在很大程度上仍然未知。我们认为，包容动机——通过个人愿意投入社会互动的努力来衡量——可能是社会行为的基本组成部分之一，并可能在孤独的个体中发生变化。
方法：在对303名参与者进行筛查后，我们对30名低孤独感和28名高孤独感个体进行了功能磁共振成像扫描,同时他们执行了主动纳入任务(AIT).AIT评估参与者在公平竞争和排斥的经典Cyberball条件下为影响其包容性而投入的努力水平。
结果：与低孤独感个体相比，高孤独感个体表现出更高的融入紧迫性，特别是在公平竞争期间，这与右丘脑的高活性有关。此外，在高度孤独的个体中，我们发现丘脑和颞顶交界处之间的功能连接增加，壳核,和脑岛。
结论：参与者与计算机化化身互动，降低生态有效性。此外,虽然越来越多地纳入任务需要采取行动，实物需求不高。讨论了其他限制。
结论：在公平但非排他性的互动中，孤独中的包容动机会增强，并与大脑区域的活动有关，涉及食欲行为和社会认知。研究结果表明，孤独的个体可能会在包容性互动中看待威胁，提示他们采取行动重新获得连接。这表明包容动机可能有助于解释孤独中的社会困难。
方法：在对303名参与者进行筛查后，我们对30名低孤独感和28名高孤独感个体进行了功能磁共振成像扫描,同时他们执行了主动纳入任务(AIT).AIT评估参与者在公平竞争和排斥的经典Cyberball条件下为影响其包容性而投入的努力水平。
结果：与低孤独感个体相比，高孤独感个体表现出更高的融入紧迫性，特别是在公平竞争期间，这与右丘脑的高活性有关。此外，在高度孤独的个体中，我们发现丘脑和颞顶交界处之间的功能连接增加，壳核,和脑岛。
结论：参与者与计算机化化身互动，降低生态有效性。此外,虽然越来越多地纳入任务需要采取行动，实物需求不高。讨论了其他限制。
结论：在公平但非排他性的互动中，孤独中的包容动机会增强，并与大脑区域的活动有关，涉及食欲行为和社会认知。研究结果表明，孤独的个体可能会在包容性互动中看待威胁，提示他们采取行动重新获得连接。这表明包容动机可能有助于解释孤独中的社会困难。
