PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Previous research has indicated that young adults form predictions for the meaning of upcoming words when contexts are highly constrained. This can lead to processing benefits when expectations are met, but also costs, as indicated by a late, frontally distributed and positive event-related potential (ERP), when an unexpected word is encountered. This effect has been associated with the conflict that arises for prediction errors, as well as attempts to suppress a previously formed prediction. However, individual differences have been found for young adult bilingual and older adult monolingual readers, whereby only those who exhibited better language regulation and executive function skill showed this pattern. The goal of the current study was to investigate how these executive functions influence comprehension skill and behavior for elderly bilinguals.
UNASSIGNED: We asked whether older adult monolinguals and bilinguals were capable of generating predictions online, and whether cognitive control and language regulation ability were related to the magnitude of prediction costs.
UNASSIGNED: Participants (N = 27) read sentences while their electroencephalogram was recorded, and completed a battery of language and cognitive performance tasks.
UNASSIGNED: While older adult monolinguals showed some sensitivity to prediction error, older adult bilinguals produced greater prediction costs, an effect that was significantly correlated with both age and control ability.
UNASSIGNED: This study is the first to show ERP evidence that bilinguals are capable of forming predictions during comprehension in older adulthood.
UNASSIGNED: These results have important implications for the ways in which bilingualism may influence comprehension across the lifespan. While healthy aging has been proposed to lead to declines in executive function these declines may be mitigated for bilinguals, who have a wealth of experience in negotiating language-related conflict.
UNASSIGNED: We asked whether older adult monolinguals and bilinguals were capable of generating predictions online, and whether cognitive control and language regulation ability were related to the magnitude of prediction costs.
UNASSIGNED: Participants (N = 27) read sentences while their electroencephalogram was recorded, and completed a battery of language and cognitive performance tasks.
UNASSIGNED: While older adult monolinguals showed some sensitivity to prediction error, older adult bilinguals produced greater prediction costs, an effect that was significantly correlated with both age and control ability.
UNASSIGNED: This study is the first to show ERP evidence that bilinguals are capable of forming predictions during comprehension in older adulthood.
UNASSIGNED: These results have important implications for the ways in which bilingualism may influence comprehension across the lifespan. While healthy aging has been proposed to lead to declines in executive function these declines may be mitigated for bilinguals, who have a wealth of experience in negotiating language-related conflict.
摘要：
■先前的研究表明，当上下文受到高度限制时，年轻人会对即将到来的单词的含义形成预测。当满足期望时，这可能会带来加工效益，但也有成本，如迟到所示，正面分布和积极的事件相关电位(ERP)，当遇到一个意想不到的词。这种影响与预测误差产生的冲突有关，以及试图抑制先前形成的预测。然而,已经发现年轻的成人双语读者和年长的成人单语读者的个体差异，只有那些表现出更好的语言调节和执行功能技能的人才能表现出这种模式。本研究的目的是调查这些执行功能如何影响老年双语者的理解技能和行为。
■我们询问老年人单语言和双语者是否能够在线生成预测，以及认知控制和语言调节能力是否与预测成本的大小有关。
■参与者（N=27）在记录脑电图时阅读句子，完成了一系列语言和认知表现任务。
■虽然年长的成年单语者对预测误差表现出一定的敏感性，老年人双语产生了更高的预测成本，与年龄和控制能力显着相关的效果。
■这项研究首次显示了ERP证据，表明双语者能够在成年后的理解过程中形成预测。
■这些结果对双语可能影响整个生命周期的理解的方式具有重要意义。虽然有人提出健康的老龄化会导致执行功能下降，但对于双语者来说，这些下降可能会得到缓解。他们在与语言有关的冲突谈判方面有丰富的经验。
■我们询问老年人单语言和双语者是否能够在线生成预测，以及认知控制和语言调节能力是否与预测成本的大小有关。
■参与者（N=27）在记录脑电图时阅读句子，完成了一系列语言和认知表现任务。
■虽然年长的成年单语者对预测误差表现出一定的敏感性，老年人双语产生了更高的预测成本，与年龄和控制能力显着相关的效果。
■这项研究首次显示了ERP证据，表明双语者能够在成年后的理解过程中形成预测。
■这些结果对双语可能影响整个生命周期的理解的方式具有重要意义。虽然有人提出健康的老龄化会导致执行功能下降，但对于双语者来说，这些下降可能会得到缓解。他们在与语言有关的冲突谈判方面有丰富的经验。
