PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: South Downs National Park (SDNP) is UK\'s most visited National Park, and a focus of tick-borne Lyme disease. The first presumed UK autochthonous cases of tick-borne encephalitis and babesiosis were recorded in 2019-20. SDNP aims to conserve wildlife and encourage recreation, so interventions are needed that reduce hazard without negatively affecting ecosystem health. To be successful these require knowledge of site hazards.
UNASSIGNED: British Deer Society members submitted ticks removed from deer. Key potential intervention sites were selected and six 50 m2 transects drag-sampled per site (mostly twice yearly for 2 years). Ticks were identified in-lab (sex, life stage, species), hazard measured as tick presence, density of ticks (all life stages, DOT), and density of nymphs (DON). Sites and habitat types were analysed for association with hazard. Distribution was mapped by combining our results with records from five other sources.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 87 Ixodes ricinus (all but one adults, 82% F) were removed from 14 deer (10 Dama dama; three Capreolus capreolus; one not recorded; tick burden, 1-35) at 12 locations (commonly woodland). Five key potential intervention sites were identified and drag-sampled 2015-16, collecting 623 ticks (238 on-transects): 53.8% nymphs, 42.5% larvae, 3.7% adults (13 M, 10 F). Ticks were present on-transects at all sites: I. ricinus at three (The Mens (TM); Queen Elizabeth Country Park (QECP); Cowdray Estate (CE)), Haemaphysalis punctata at two (Seven Sisters Country Park (SSCP); Ditchling Beacon Nature Reserve (DBNR)). TM had the highest DOT at 30/300 m2 (DON = 30/300 m2), followed by QECP 22/300 m2 (12/300 m2), CE 8/300 m2 (6/300 m2), and SSCP 1/300 m2 (1/300 m2). For I. ricinus, nymphs predominated in spring, larvae in the second half of summer and early autumn. The overall ranking of site hazard held for DON and DOT from both seasonal sampling periods. DBNR was sampled 2016 only (one adult H. punctata collected). Woodland had significantly greater hazard than downland, but ticks were present at all downland sites. I. ricinus has been identified in 33/37 of SDNPs 10 km2 grid squares, Ixodes hexagonus 10/37, H. punctata 7/37, Dermacentor reticulatus 1/37.
UNASSIGNED: Mapping shows tick hazard broadly distributed across SDNP. I. ricinus was most common, but H. punctata\'s seeming range expansion is concerning. Recommendations: management of small heavily visited high hazard plots (QECP); post-visit precaution signage (all sites); repellent impregnated clothing for deerstalkers; flock trials to control H. punctata (SSCP, DBNR). Further research at TM may contribute to knowledge on ecological dynamics underlying infection density and predator re-introduction/protection as public health interventions. Ecological research on H. punctata would aid control. SDNP Authority is ideally placed to link and champion policies to reduce hazard, whilst avoiding or reducing conflict between public health and ecosystem health.
UNASSIGNED: British Deer Society members submitted ticks removed from deer. Key potential intervention sites were selected and six 50 m2 transects drag-sampled per site (mostly twice yearly for 2 years). Ticks were identified in-lab (sex, life stage, species), hazard measured as tick presence, density of ticks (all life stages, DOT), and density of nymphs (DON). Sites and habitat types were analysed for association with hazard. Distribution was mapped by combining our results with records from five other sources.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 87 Ixodes ricinus (all but one adults, 82% F) were removed from 14 deer (10 Dama dama; three Capreolus capreolus; one not recorded; tick burden, 1-35) at 12 locations (commonly woodland). Five key potential intervention sites were identified and drag-sampled 2015-16, collecting 623 ticks (238 on-transects): 53.8% nymphs, 42.5% larvae, 3.7% adults (13 M, 10 F). Ticks were present on-transects at all sites: I. ricinus at three (The Mens (TM); Queen Elizabeth Country Park (QECP); Cowdray Estate (CE)), Haemaphysalis punctata at two (Seven Sisters Country Park (SSCP); Ditchling Beacon Nature Reserve (DBNR)). TM had the highest DOT at 30/300 m2 (DON = 30/300 m2), followed by QECP 22/300 m2 (12/300 m2), CE 8/300 m2 (6/300 m2), and SSCP 1/300 m2 (1/300 m2). For I. ricinus, nymphs predominated in spring, larvae in the second half of summer and early autumn. The overall ranking of site hazard held for DON and DOT from both seasonal sampling periods. DBNR was sampled 2016 only (one adult H. punctata collected). Woodland had significantly greater hazard than downland, but ticks were present at all downland sites. I. ricinus has been identified in 33/37 of SDNPs 10 km2 grid squares, Ixodes hexagonus 10/37, H. punctata 7/37, Dermacentor reticulatus 1/37.
UNASSIGNED: Mapping shows tick hazard broadly distributed across SDNP. I. ricinus was most common, but H. punctata\'s seeming range expansion is concerning. Recommendations: management of small heavily visited high hazard plots (QECP); post-visit precaution signage (all sites); repellent impregnated clothing for deerstalkers; flock trials to control H. punctata (SSCP, DBNR). Further research at TM may contribute to knowledge on ecological dynamics underlying infection density and predator re-introduction/protection as public health interventions. Ecological research on H. punctata would aid control. SDNP Authority is ideally placed to link and champion policies to reduce hazard, whilst avoiding or reducing conflict between public health and ecosystem health.
摘要：
■南唐斯国家公园（SDNP）是英国访问量最大的国家公园，和蜱传莱姆病的焦点。2019-20年记录了英国首例假定的蜱传脑炎和巴贝西虫病本土病例。SDNP旨在保护野生动物并鼓励娱乐，因此，需要在不对生态系统健康产生负面影响的情况下减少危害的干预措施。要取得成功，这些需要了解现场危险。
■英国鹿协会成员提交了从鹿身上移除的蜱虫。选择了关键的潜在干预地点，并对每个地点进行了6个50平方米的样带采样（大部分为2年，每年两次）。在实验室中鉴定了蜱(性别，人生阶段,物种)，危险测量为蜱的存在，蜱的密度(所有生命阶段，DOT),若虫的密度（DON）。分析了地点和栖息地类型与危害的关联。通过将我们的结果与其他五个来源的记录相结合来映射分布。
■总共有87个蓖麻（除一个成年人外，82％F）从14头鹿中去除（10只Damadama；三个Capreoluscapreolus；一个未记录；tick负担，1-35）在12个地点（通常是林地）。确定了五个关键的潜在干预地点，并对2015-16年进行了拖动采样，收集了623个蜱虫（238个样本）：53.8％若虫，42.5%幼虫，3.7%的成年人（13米，10F).在所有地点都出现了Ticks的样片：I.ricinus在三个位置（TheMens（TM）；伊丽莎白女王郊野公园（QECP）；CowdrayEstate（CE）），两个（七姐妹郊野公园（SSCP）；沟流信标自然保护区（DBNR））。TM在30/300m2处具有最高的DOT（DON=30/300m2），其次是QECP22/300m2（12/300m2），CE8/300m2（6/300m2），和SSCP1/300m2（1/300m2）。对于I.蓖麻,若虫在春天占主导地位，幼虫在夏季和初秋的下半年。从两个季节性采样周期来看，DON和DOT的现场危害总体排名。DBNR仅在2016年进行了采样（收集了一名成年H.punctata）。林地的危害明显大于下游，但是在所有下游地区都有蜱虫。I.蓖麻已在SDNP10km2网格正方形的33/37中被确定，六角形10/37，H.punctata7/37，网状皮肤1/37。
■标测显示蜱危害广泛分布在整个SDNP中。I.蓖麻是最常见的，但是H.punctata看起来的范围扩大令人担忧。Recommendations:managementofsmallheavyvisitedhighhazardplot(QECP);post-visitprecisionsignage(allsites);replicentinpregrivedclothingfordeertakers;flocdtrialstocontrolH.punctata(SSCP,DBNR）。TM的进一步研究可能有助于了解感染密度和捕食者重新引入/保护作为公共卫生干预措施的生态动力学。对H.punctata的生态研究将有助于控制。SDNP管理局处于理想的位置，可以链接和支持减少危险的政策，同时避免或减少公共卫生与生态系统健康之间的冲突。
■英国鹿协会成员提交了从鹿身上移除的蜱虫。选择了关键的潜在干预地点，并对每个地点进行了6个50平方米的样带采样（大部分为2年，每年两次）。在实验室中鉴定了蜱(性别，人生阶段,物种)，危险测量为蜱的存在，蜱的密度(所有生命阶段，DOT),若虫的密度（DON）。分析了地点和栖息地类型与危害的关联。通过将我们的结果与其他五个来源的记录相结合来映射分布。
■总共有87个蓖麻（除一个成年人外，82％F）从14头鹿中去除（10只Damadama；三个Capreoluscapreolus；一个未记录；tick负担，1-35）在12个地点（通常是林地）。确定了五个关键的潜在干预地点，并对2015-16年进行了拖动采样，收集了623个蜱虫（238个样本）：53.8％若虫，42.5%幼虫，3.7%的成年人（13米，10F).在所有地点都出现了Ticks的样片：I.ricinus在三个位置（TheMens（TM）；伊丽莎白女王郊野公园（QECP）；CowdrayEstate（CE）），两个（七姐妹郊野公园（SSCP）；沟流信标自然保护区（DBNR））。TM在30/300m2处具有最高的DOT（DON=30/300m2），其次是QECP22/300m2（12/300m2），CE8/300m2（6/300m2），和SSCP1/300m2（1/300m2）。对于I.蓖麻,若虫在春天占主导地位，幼虫在夏季和初秋的下半年。从两个季节性采样周期来看，DON和DOT的现场危害总体排名。DBNR仅在2016年进行了采样（收集了一名成年H.punctata）。林地的危害明显大于下游，但是在所有下游地区都有蜱虫。I.蓖麻已在SDNP10km2网格正方形的33/37中被确定，六角形10/37，H.punctata7/37，网状皮肤1/37。
■标测显示蜱危害广泛分布在整个SDNP中。I.蓖麻是最常见的，但是H.punctata看起来的范围扩大令人担忧。Recommendations:managementofsmallheavyvisitedhighhazardplot(QECP);post-visitprecisionsignage(allsites);replicentinpregrivedclothingfordeertakers;flocdtrialstocontrolH.punctata(SSCP,DBNR）。TM的进一步研究可能有助于了解感染密度和捕食者重新引入/保护作为公共卫生干预措施的生态动力学。对H.punctata的生态研究将有助于控制。SDNP管理局处于理想的位置，可以链接和支持减少危险的政策，同时避免或减少公共卫生与生态系统健康之间的冲突。
