PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The incidence of olfactory disorders has increased in recent years, mainly related to COVID-19 infection. In Brazil, over 37 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported, and approximately 10 % of those cases continue to experience olfactory disorders for more than one month. Despite the significant negative impact on well-being, there is currently no validated instrument to assess how olfactory disorders impact the quality of life in Brazil.
This study aimed to validate the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) for Brazilian Portuguese.
The authors first performed translation, back-translation, expert review, pre-testing, psychometric evaluation and cultural adaptation of the English version of the questionnaire. To assure linguistic and conceptual equivalence of the translated questionnaire, 126 participants from two Brazilian states and varying degrees of olfactory loss answered the QOD and the World Health Organization Quality of Life bref (WHOQOL-bref) questionnaires. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®) was used to quantify the olfactory loss. Furthermore, to evaluate the reliability of the Portuguese version a test-retest was performed on a subgroup of patients. The authors observed a high Cronbach\'s alpha (α = 0.86) for internal consistency of the quality of Life (QOD-QOL) statements.
As expected, there was a negative correlation between QOD-QOL and UPSIT® (Spearman\'s ρ = -0.275, p = 0.002), since QOL score increases and UPSIT® score decreases with worsening of olfactory function. Correlations were moderate between QOD-QOL and WHOQOL-bref mean (Spearman\'s ρ = -0.374, p < 0.001) and weak to moderate between the QOD-QOL and Visual Analog Scale of the QOD regarding professional life, leisure, and private life (Spearman\'s ρ = -0.316, p = 0.000; Spearman\'s ρ = -0.293, p = 0.001; Spearman\'s ρ = -0.261, p = 0.004; respectively).
In conclusion, the authors have demonstrated a high internal consistency and validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the QOD for evaluating the quality of life in individuals with olfactory disorders.
This study aimed to validate the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) for Brazilian Portuguese.
The authors first performed translation, back-translation, expert review, pre-testing, psychometric evaluation and cultural adaptation of the English version of the questionnaire. To assure linguistic and conceptual equivalence of the translated questionnaire, 126 participants from two Brazilian states and varying degrees of olfactory loss answered the QOD and the World Health Organization Quality of Life bref (WHOQOL-bref) questionnaires. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®) was used to quantify the olfactory loss. Furthermore, to evaluate the reliability of the Portuguese version a test-retest was performed on a subgroup of patients. The authors observed a high Cronbach\'s alpha (α = 0.86) for internal consistency of the quality of Life (QOD-QOL) statements.
As expected, there was a negative correlation between QOD-QOL and UPSIT® (Spearman\'s ρ = -0.275, p = 0.002), since QOL score increases and UPSIT® score decreases with worsening of olfactory function. Correlations were moderate between QOD-QOL and WHOQOL-bref mean (Spearman\'s ρ = -0.374, p < 0.001) and weak to moderate between the QOD-QOL and Visual Analog Scale of the QOD regarding professional life, leisure, and private life (Spearman\'s ρ = -0.316, p = 0.000; Spearman\'s ρ = -0.293, p = 0.001; Spearman\'s ρ = -0.261, p = 0.004; respectively).
In conclusion, the authors have demonstrated a high internal consistency and validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the QOD for evaluating the quality of life in individuals with olfactory disorders.
摘要：
背景：近年来，嗅觉障碍的发病率有所增加，主要与COVID-19感染有关。在巴西,已经报告了超过3700万例COVID-19病例，这些病例中约有10％的嗅觉障碍持续超过一个月。尽管对福祉有重大负面影响，目前尚无经过验证的仪器来评估嗅觉障碍如何影响巴西的生活质量.
目的：本研究旨在验证巴西葡萄牙语的嗅觉障碍问卷（QOD）。
方法：作者首先进行翻译，回译,专家评审,预先测试,英文版问卷的心理测量评价和文化适应。为了确保翻译问卷的语言和概念对等，来自巴西两个州和不同程度嗅觉丧失的126名参与者回答了QOD和世界卫生组织生活质量bref（WHOQOL-bref）问卷。宾夕法尼亚大学气味鉴定测试(UPSIT®)用于量化嗅觉损失。此外，为了评估葡萄牙语版本的可靠性,我们对一组患者进行了复检.作者观察到生活质量（QOD-QOL）陈述的内部一致性较高的Cronbachα（α=0.86）。
结果：如预期，QOD-QOL和UPSIT®之间存在负相关(斯皮尔曼ρ=-0.275，p=0.002)，随着嗅觉功能的恶化，QOL评分增加，UPSIT®评分降低。QOD-QOL和WHOQOL-bref平均值之间的相关性为中度（Spearman'sρ=-0.374，p<0.001），而QOD-QOL和QOD视觉模拟量表之间的相关性为轻度至中度，休闲,和私人生活（Spearman的ρ=-0.316，p=0.000；Spearman的ρ=-0.293，p=0.001；Spearman的ρ=-0.261，p=0.004；分别）。
结论：结论：作者已证明巴西葡萄牙语版QOD在评估嗅觉障碍患者生活质量方面具有较高的内部一致性和有效性.
目的：本研究旨在验证巴西葡萄牙语的嗅觉障碍问卷（QOD）。
方法：作者首先进行翻译，回译,专家评审,预先测试,英文版问卷的心理测量评价和文化适应。为了确保翻译问卷的语言和概念对等，来自巴西两个州和不同程度嗅觉丧失的126名参与者回答了QOD和世界卫生组织生活质量bref（WHOQOL-bref）问卷。宾夕法尼亚大学气味鉴定测试(UPSIT®)用于量化嗅觉损失。此外，为了评估葡萄牙语版本的可靠性,我们对一组患者进行了复检.作者观察到生活质量（QOD-QOL）陈述的内部一致性较高的Cronbachα（α=0.86）。
结果：如预期，QOD-QOL和UPSIT®之间存在负相关(斯皮尔曼ρ=-0.275，p=0.002)，随着嗅觉功能的恶化，QOL评分增加，UPSIT®评分降低。QOD-QOL和WHOQOL-bref平均值之间的相关性为中度（Spearman'sρ=-0.374，p<0.001），而QOD-QOL和QOD视觉模拟量表之间的相关性为轻度至中度，休闲,和私人生活（Spearman的ρ=-0.316，p=0.000；Spearman的ρ=-0.293，p=0.001；Spearman的ρ=-0.261，p=0.004；分别）。
结论：结论：作者已证明巴西葡萄牙语版QOD在评估嗅觉障碍患者生活质量方面具有较高的内部一致性和有效性.
