Abstract：
The current study assessed (i) the microbiological safety level profiles (MSLPs) of milkmen\'s hands and milking containers and (ii) the influence of hygiene and handling practices on MSLPs of raw and cultured milk, from six informal dairy farms in Zimbabwe. Interviews and direct observations were carried out during the assessment of hygiene and handling practices at six farms designated A to F. Microbiological criteria of the following six microbiological parameters: Total Bacterial Counts (TBCs), Coliform Counts (CCs), Total Escherichia coli Counts (TECs), Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia, were used to determine contamination level (CL) at four different critical sampling locations (CSLs). The CSLs were raw milk (CSL1), cultured milk (CSL2), milkmen\'s hands (CSL3), and milking containers (CSL4). The microbiological criteria of the six microbiological parameters were used to score CLs as: intolerable (0), poor to average (1), average (2), and good (3). MSLPs at each CSL for the six farms were computed based on the CL scores to a maximum score of 18. A total of 192 samples were collected and analyzed. Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were not detected at all the CSLs. All the farms failed to achieve a maximum MSLP score of 18 at all the CSLs. The relationship between MSLPs and hygiene and handling practices was tested using point-biserial correlation coefficients. The correlation study revealed that handling and hygiene practices (such as the duration between milking and storage, the type of milking container utilized at farms, the frequency of cleaning the milking parlor, the water source for hand and equipment washing, and the use of hand sanitizers) generally influenced the MSLPs on the farms. Both training and improvement in infrastructure are needed to improve the quality of milk and its products produced and sold in the informal value chain in Zimbabwe.
摘要：
本研究评估了（i）送奶者手和挤奶容器的微生物安全水平（MSLP），以及（ii）卫生和处理方法对生乳和培养乳MSLP的影响，来自津巴布韦的六个非正式奶牛场。在六个指定为A至F的农场的卫生和处理实践评估期间进行了访谈和直接观察。以下六个微生物参数的微生物标准：总细菌计数（TBC），大肠杆菌计数(CC),总大肠杆菌计数（TEC），沙门氏菌,单核细胞增生李斯特菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，用于确定四个不同关键采样位置（CSL）的污染水平（CL）。CSL是原奶(CSL1)，培养乳（CSL2），送牛奶的手（CSL3），和挤奶容器（CSL4）。六个微生物参数的微生物学标准用于将CLs评分为：无法忍受（0），差到平均水平(1)，平均(2),好（3）根据CL得分计算六个农场每个CSL的MSLP，最高得分为18。收集和分析总共192个样品。在所有CSL中均未检测到沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌。在所有CSL中，所有农场都未能达到最大MSLP得分18。使用点双材料相关系数测试了MSLP与卫生和处理实践之间的关系。相关性研究表明，处理和卫生习惯(如挤奶和储存之间的持续时间，农场使用的挤奶容器的类型，清洁挤奶厅的频率，手和设备清洗的水源，和洗手液的使用）通常会影响农场的MSLP。需要培训和改善基础设施，以提高在津巴布韦非正式价值链中生产和销售的牛奶及其产品的质量。
